Diet and Behavior

List of Contributors.- Section I. Origins of Food Preference.- 1. Conceptual Models.- Sensory Model.- Belief Model.- Ecological Model.- Food Perception Model.- Conceptual Models.- Summary.- 2. Cultural Determinants of Food Selection and Behavior.- Understanding Culture and Its Relationship to Diet.- Some Qualitative Cultural Approaches.- Biological Need, Adaptation and Behavior.- Models.- Biocultural Models.- Research Strategies.- Defining Cultural Variables.- Multidisciplinary Approaches.- Conclusions.- 3. Biological Determinants of Food Preferences in Humans.- Species-Typical Sensory Responses.- Genetic Influences on Individual Differences.- Need States, Metabolism, and Food Preferences and Aversions.- Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators and Food Preferences.- Norepinephrine and Serotonin.- Endogenous Opiates.- Conclusion.- Discussion.- Section II. Measuring Behavioral Response.- 4. Behavior: Its Definition and Measurement in Relation to Dietary Intake.- Types of Independent Variables Most Typically Used.- Measurement Approaches.- Observational Methods.- Verbal Reports.- Research Designs.- The Controlled Laboratory Experiment.- Correlational Studies.- Typical Dependent Variables.- Examples of Measures for Assessing Dietary Manipulations.- Conclusions.- 5. The Use of Animal Models to Study Effects of Nutrition on Behavior.- The Role of Animal Models in Science.- Uses of Animals in Science.- Advantages of Animal Models.- Science as an Interactive System.- Interactions Within the System.- Value of All Components of the Scientific System.- The Paradox of Animal Models.- Limitations of Animal Models.- Relative Vulnerability.- Simplicity.- Sensitivity.- Choice of Behavioral Measure.- Choice of Animal Model.- Conclusions.- 6. Behavioral Procedures for Assessing Effects of Biological Variables: Implications for Nutrition Research.- Nutrition, Learning and Behavior Problems of Children.- Traditional Measures Used in Diet and Behavior Research.- Processes that Influence Performance.- Methods for Measuring Short-Term Memory and Attention.- Delayed Matching-to-Sample.- Sequence Reproduction Procedures.- Repeated Acquisition Procedures.- Use of Repeated Acquisition Procedures to Assess Biological Variables.- Use of Repeated Acquisition Procedures to Assess Learning-Disabled People.- Use of Repeated Acquisition Procedures to Assess Retardation and Dementia.- Advantages of Laboratory Tasks to Assess Learning.- Validity and Generality of Laboratory Measures of Learning.- Discussion.- General Requirements of Methods.- Effects of Diet on Behavior.- Nutritional Effects.- Pharmacologic Effects.- Psychologic Effects.- Effects of Behavior on Diet.- Conclusions.- On Learning.- Appendix. Nutritional Aspects of Diet and Behavior Studies of Animals.- Energy Intake.- Defined Diets and Replication of Experiments.- Other Dietary Considerations.- Conclusions.- Section III. Epidemiologic Studies.- 7. Nutritional Influences on Childhood Behavior: the Epidemiologic Approach.- Observational Methods.- Experimental Studies.- An Example: Food Additives and Childhood Hyperactivity.- Conclusion.- 8. Principles of Behavioral Epidemiology.- Epidemiology Methodology.- Cohort Studies.- Case-Control Studies.- Establishing Cause.- Reliability and Validity.- Behavior Science Methodology.- Behavioral Epidemiology Research Studies.- National Health Interview Survey: Child Health Supplement.- National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.- Defective Infant Formula Study.- Behavioral Outcome Measures.- Summary and Conclusions.- 9. Identifying the Genetic Component of Dietary - Behavioral Interactions: A Challenge for Genetic Epidemiology.- Preamble.- A Conceptual Paradigm.- Negative Feedback Loops: Beneficial Effects.- Positive Feedback Loops: Detrimental Effects.- More Complex Models: The Example of Obesity.- Consequences of Feedback Loops.- Measurement Issues: Defining Intermediate Phenotypes.- Study Design and Analytic Strategies.- Exploratory Analyses.- Association with Genetic Markers: A Direct Strategy.- Familial Aggregation: Indirect Strategy.- Adoption Studies and Twin Studies: Studies Involving a Single Contrast.- Fixed Clusters: Partitioning Genetic and Environmental Effects.- Testing Explicit Hypotheses: Segregation, Linkage and Regressive Analyses.- Prospectus.- Discussion.- Section IV. Integration of Research Methods in Diet and Behavior.- 10. Methodologic Considerations for Diet and Behavior Studies: A Nutritionist's Perspective.- Experimental Approaches.- Physiologic Psychology.- Behavioral Sciences.- Methodologic Considerations.- Sample Size Calculations.- Quantification of Diet.- Use of Food Composition Tables.- Range of Nutrient Intakes.- Acute vs. Chronic Studies.- Blending of the Disciplines: Collaboration not Duplication.- Conclusions.- 11. A Behavioral Scientist's Perspectives on the Study of Diet and Behavior.- Animal Studies.- Human Studies.- Laboratory Studies.- Selection of Subjects.- Test Foods and Drinks.- Measuring Food Intake and Eating Behavior.- Subjective Assessments.- Conclusions.- Discussion: Implications for Future Research.- Looking to the Future.- The Challenges and Problems of Multidisciplinary Interactions.- The Needs for New Methods in Diet and Behavior.- The Need for Additional Animal Models.- New Models in Human Behavior.- Summary.