An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis and Theory

Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Where to Start 1 1.2 What this Book is and is Not, and How to Use It 5 1.3 Further Reading 6 2 Morphology: Starting with Words 9 2.1 Words Come in Categories 10 2.2 Words are Made of Smaller Units: Morphemes 17 2.3 Morphemes Combine in Regular Ways 18 2.4 Apparent Exceptions to the RHHR 32 2.5 Morphological Atoms 35 2.6 Compositionality and Recursion 36 2.7 Conclusion 37 3 Syntactic Analysis Introduced 43 3.1 Word Order 44 3.2 Constituency 47 3.3 Syntactic Productivity 48 3.4 Substitution 50 3.5 Ellipsis 58 3.6 Coordination 62 3.7 Movement and Other Distortions 68 3.8 Some More Complex Distortion Experiments, Briefly 74 3.9 Some More Practice 75 3.10 Some Other Evidence of Constituency 76 3.11 Conclusion 78 4 Clauses 87 4.1 Full Clauses: CPs 87 4.2 Tense Phrase 94 4.3 Conclusion 98 5 Other Phrases: A First Glance 105 5.1 Verb Phrases 105 5.2 Determiner Phrases 113 5.3 Noun Phrases 116 5.4 Adjective Phrases 119 5.5 Prepositional Phrases 119 5.6 Ways to Talk About Tree Geometry 119 5.7 Conclusion 120 6 X-bar Theory and the Format of Lexical Entries 127 6.1 Review: The Model of Morphology 127 6.2 Building a Model of Syntax 129 6.3 Headedness 130 6.4 Internal Organization of Constituents 131 6.5 Some Consequences 134 6.6 Cross-categorial Symmetries 137 6.7 Subjects Across Categories: Small Clauses 138 6.8 Lexical Entries 140 6.9 The Projection Principle and Locality 146 6.10 Cross-linguistic Variation 149 6.11 Conclusion 151 7 Binding and the Hierarchical Nature of Phrase Structure 157 7.1 Anaphors 159 7.2 Pronouns 169 7.3 Non-pronominal Expressions 171 7.4 Binding Theory Summarized 172 7.5 Small Clauses and Binding Theory 173 7.6 Some Issues 174 7.7 Cross-linguistic Variation 178 7.8 Learning About Binding Relations 181 7.9 Conclusion 183 8 Apparent Violations of Locality of Selection 187 8.1 Setting the Stage 187 8.2 Topicalization: A First Case of Movement 189 8.3 Head Movement 191 8.4 Detecting Selection 206 8.5 Phrasal Movements 210 8.6 How Selection Drives Structure Building 221 8.7 Addressing some Previous Puzzles 225 8.8 Synthesis 226 8.9 Terminology and Notation 230 8.10 Conclusion 230 9 Infinitival Complements: Raising and Control 239 9.1 Subject Control 240 9.2 Using the Theory: Control and Binding 244 9.3 Interim Summary: Inventory of To-infinitival 248 9.4 Raising to Object/ECM and Object Control 249 9.5 Conclusion 252 10 Wh-questions: Wh-movement and Locality 259 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 The Landing Site or Target Position of Wh-Movement 261 10.3 What Wh-movement Moves 263 10.4 Locality I: The Problem 266 10.5 Locality II: Theory of Constraints 281 10.6 Special Cases 293 10.7 Conclusion 298 11 Probing Structures 305 11.1 Introduction 305 11.2 Probing Derived Structures 305 11.3 Probing Underlying Structures 312 11.4 Probing with Binding 315 11.5 Conclusion 324 12 Inward Bound: Syntax and Morphology Atoms 331 12.1 The Size of Atoms 332 12.2 Head Movement and the Head Movement Constraint 332 12.3 Causative Affixes: Syntax or Morphology? 335 12.4 VP Shells 339 12.5 Ternary Branching 348 12.6 Using VP Shells: VP Shells and Adjuncts 357 12.7 Terminological Changes 362 12.8 Raising to Object 363 12.9 The Model of Morphosyntax 364 12.10 Conclusion 367 13 Advanced Binding and Some Binding Typology 377 13.1 Basics: Reminders 377 13.2 Reminder About Principle A 380 13.3 Subjects of Tensed Clauses 380 13.4 VP shells and the Binding Theory 382 13.5 Binding Variation and Typology 387 13.6 Conclusion 397 14 Wh-constructions 403 14.1 Diagnostic Properties of Wh-movement 403 14.2 Relative Clauses 405 14.3 Another Case of Null Operator Movement: Tough-Construction 413 14.4 Topicalization and Left Dislocation 415 14.5 Other Wh-movement Constructions 417 14.6 Conclusion 419 15 Syntactic Processes 421 15.1 The Language Model: Defining Structure 422 15.2 Selection, Movement, Locality 423 15.3 Computational Properties of the Model 427 15.4 Conclusion 433 References 435 Index