Osteonecrosis

Part 1. History.- Historical Perspective.- Part 2. Anatomy and blood flow.- Vascular Anatomy and Blood Supply to The Femoral Head.- Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Bone.- Part 3. Epidemiology.- Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The Europe.- Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The United States.- Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The Japan.- Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The South Korea.- Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The Taiwan and China.- Part 4. Etiology.- Genetic Studies in Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- Osteonecrosis and Intravascular Coagulation Revisited.- Glucocorticoids as An Etiologic Factor.- Corticosteroid Usage and Osteonecrosis of The Hip.- Alcohol.- Traumatic Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- Posttraumatic Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- Osteonecrosis in Sickle Cell Disease.- Autoimmune disease and Other Risk Factor.- Part 5. Pathology.- Pathophysiology of Ischemic Diseases of The Hip; Osteonecrosis, Borderline Necrosis and Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome.- The Pathology of Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- Part 6. Clinical Manifestation.- Natural history of Osteonecrosis.- Causes of Pain in Early Stage and Advanced Stage.- Accumulation of Necrotic Fatty Marrow in Osteonecrotic Hips Mimicking Septic Arthritis.- Part 7. Imaging Diagnosis.- Radiography, MRI, CT, Bone scan, PET-CT.- Part 8. Staging and Classification.- Ficat Staging System for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- The University of Pennsylvania Classification Systems for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- The Japanese Investigation Committee Classification for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- Modified Kerboul Classification System for osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- ARCO staging system : Generation and Evolution Since 1991.- Part 9. Differential Diagnosis.- Subchondral Stress Fracture of the Femoral Head.- Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome of the Hip.- Distinguishing Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome from Osteonecrosis.- Part 10. Non-surgical Treatments.- Treatment of Osteonecrosis ofThe Hip and Knee with Enoxaparin.- The Role of Coagulopathy in The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteonecrosis.- Lipid Lowering Agents and Their Effect on Osteonecrosis: Pros and Cons.- Is There a Role for Bone morphogenetic proteins in The Treatment of Osteonecrosis?.- Alendronate in The Prevention of Collapse of The Femoral Head in Non-Traumatic Osteonecrosis.- New Therapies of The Osteonecrosis.- Part 11. Surgical Treatments.- Principles of Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of The Hip.- Stem Cells in Osteonecrosis: Cons.- Cement Techniques in Hip Osteonecrosis with Collapse: From Traditional Methyl Methacrylate to Bone Substitutes and Stem Cells.- Impaction Bone Graft.- Principles of Bone Grafting for Osteonecrosis of the Hip.- Iliac bone graft.- Vascularized Pedicle Iliac Bone Grafting for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head: Data, Dogma, and Controversies.- Transtrochanteric Rotational Osteotomy for Femoral Head Osteonecrosis.- Posterior Rotational Osteotomy for Severe Femoral Head Osteonecrosis.- Transtrochanteric Curved Varus Osteotomy for The Treatment of Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head.- Total Hip Arthroplasty Using Ceramic-On-Ceramic Articulation.- Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Patients with Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head in The United States and Europe.- Alumina Ceramic on Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Bearing Surfaces in Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty in Young Patients with Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head.- Hip Arthroplasty for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head.- Resurfacing Arthroplasty for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head.- Part 12. Osteonecrosis in Bones: Other than The Hip.- Multifocal Osteonecrosis.- Osteonecrosis of the Humeral Head.- Osteonecrosis of the Knee.- Osteonecrosis of the Talus.- Kienböck's disease of the Lunate.- Part 13. Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease.- Epidemiology and Etiology.- Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis of Deformity.- Diagnosis, Imaging and Classifications.- Treatment.-Developing Medical Therapy.- Corticosteroid Associated Osteonecrosis in Children.- Part 14. Animal Models.- Animal Models of Corticosteroid Associated Bone Diseases.- Animal Models of Osteonecrosis - an overview.