CAM
Developments in Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Published on 1. November 1985
Book
Hardback
XIII, 289 pages
978-3-540-15165-4 (ISBN)
Description
"Developments in Computer-Integrated Manufacturing" arose from the joint work of members of the IFIP-Working Group 5.3 - Discrete Manufacturing, and other IFIP members. Within the Technical Committee 5 of the International Federation of Information Processing (lFIP) the aim of this Working Group is the advancement of computers and their application to the field of discrete part manufacturing. Capabilities will be expanded in the general areas of planning, selection, and con trol of manufacturing equipment and systems. Tools for problem solution include: mathematics, geometry, algorithms, computer techniques, and manufacturing technology. This technology will influence many industries - machine tool, auto mation, aircraft, appliance, and electronics, to name but a few. The Working Group undertook the following specific tasks: 1. To maintain liaison with other national and international organizations work ing in the same field, cooperating with them whenever desirable to further the common goal 2. To be responsible for the IFIP's work in organizing and presenting the PRO LAMA T Conferences 3. To conduct other working conferences and symposia as deemed appropriate in furthering its mission 4. To develop and sponsor research and industrial and social studies into the various aspects of its mission. The book can be regarded as an attempt to underline the main aspects of techno logy from the point of view of its software and hardware realization. Because of limitations in size and the availability of literature, the problems of robotics and quality control are not described in detail.
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Content
1 Introduction.- 2 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM).- 2.1 Fundamentals, Definitions, and Philosophy.- 2.2 Main Historical Sources.- 3 Stages of Development in Flexible Manufacturing.- 3.1 General Remarks.- 3.2 Historical Development and Modifications in Flexible Manufacturing.- 3.2.1 Technical Advances.- 3.2.2 Origin of Data Processing and Numerical Control.- 3.2.3 Definitions, Characteristics, and Stages of Development.- 3.3 General Principles and Definitions of Numerical Control.- 3.3.1 General.- 3.3.2 Principles of Control.- 3.3.2.1 Fundamental Definitions.- 3.3.2.2 Types of Interpolation.- 3.3.3 Feed Drives.- 3.3.4 Principles of Coordinate Positioning.- 3.4 Modifications of Numerically Controlled Variants of Equipment.- 3.4.1 Numerically Controlled Machine Tools.- 3.4.1.1 Specific Features and Advantages of CNC Controls.- 3.4.1.2 Machining Centers: NC/MC Characteristics and Features.- 3.4.2 Flexible Manufacturing Systems.- 3.4.2.1 General Explanations.- 3.4.2.2 FMS - Characteristics and Features.- 3.4.2.3 FMS - Examples of Applications in the United States and Japan.- 3.4.2.4 FMS in Japan.- 3.4.2.5 The Development of CAM-type Automated Manufacturing Systems in the Czechoslovak Engineering Industry.- 3.4.2.6 FMS in the German Democratic Republic.- 3.4.2.7 FMS in the Federal Republic of Germany.- 3.4.2.8 Example of an FMS in the United Kingdom.- 3.4.2.9 FMS in Bulgaria and the USSR.- 3.4.3 Manufacturing Cells.- 3.4.3.1 Historical Development.- 3.4.3.2 NC Manufacturing Cells, Characteristics and Features.- 3.4.3.3 Manufacturing Cells for Rotary Workpieces.- 3.4.3.4 Manufacturing Cells for Prismatic Workpieces.- 3.4.4 Flexible Manufacturing System Complex Provided with Laser (FMSC or FMC).- 3.4.4.1 Historical Development.- 3.4.4.2 Concepts and Constituent Technologies.- 3.4.4.3 Structure and Functions of Tsukuba FMSC Test Plant.- 3.5 Direct Numerical Control (DNC) and Hierarchical Computer Control.- 3.5.1 Stages of Development.- 3.5.2 Variants of the Realization of DNC Systems.- 3.5.2.1 DNC as Modules of a Complete CAD/CAM System.- 3.5.2.2 DNC Systems as Workshop Communication Systems.- 3.5.2.3 DNC Systems for Process Monitoring and for a Guiding-Center Function.- 3.5.3 Summary and Prospects.- 4 Methods of Decision-Making for Investments.- 4.1 Analytical Methods of Computation for the Production-Technological Preparation of Employment.- 4.1.1 Formulation of Problems.- 4.1.2 The General Sequence of Decision-Making.- 4.1.3 Preliminary Decision on Machine Selection Based on Degree of Complexity.- 4.1.3.1 Determination of the Degree of Complexity for Turning.- 4.1.3.2 Determination of the Degree of Complexity for Milling.- 4.1.3.3 Determination of the Degree of Complexity for Drilling.- 4.1.4 Technological-Economic Value Analysis for the Differentiated Evaluation.- 4.1.4.1 Buildup of the Target Complex.- 4.1.4.2 Weighting of Targets, Determining of Value Functions and Use Values.- 4.1.5 Machine Selection on the Basis of Determination of Economy.- 4.2 Methods of Simulation.- 4.2.1 Discrete Event Simulation.- 4.2.2 Need for Simulation in Manufacturing.- 4.2.3 An Example of the Use of Activity Cycles in Computer-Aided Manufacturing.- 4.2.4 The Use of Simulation in Data-Driven Automation.- 4.2.5 Survey of Use in Manufacturing.- 4.2.5.1 Vendors.- 4.2.5.2 Manufacturers.- 4.2.5.3 Research Groups.- 4.2.6 Future Trends.- 5 Computer-Aided Production Planning.- 5.1 Scope and Main Fields.- 5.1.1 Input Information for Production Planning.- 5.1.2 Production Planning.- 5.1.3 Output Information and Working Areas Based on It.- 5.2 Unification and Group Technology.- 5.2.1 Classification.- 5.2.2 Group Technology.- 5.3 Computer-Aided Process Planning.- 5.3.1 General Requirements.- 5.3.2 The Program System RATIBERT.- 5.3.3 Examples of Computer-Aided Process-Planning Systems.- 5.4 NC Programming.- 5.4.1 NC Programming Systems for Machine Tools.- 5.4.1.1 Historical Development and Basic Concepts.- 5.4.1.2 Comments on the APT Language.- 5.4.1.3 General Features of NC Programming Systems.- 5.4.1.4 Processor-Postprocessor.- 5.4.1.5 Data Communication.- 5.4.1.6 Main Features of Internationally Known Programming Systems.- 5.4.1.7 Selection Criteria for NC Programming Languages.- 5.4.1.8 Future Trends.- 5.4.2 Programming Systems for Industrial Robots.- 5.4.2.1 Steps in Development.- 5.4.2.2 Programming Systems.- 5.4.2.3 Classification and Features of Languages for Industrial Robots.- 5.5 Problem-Restricted Solutions.- 6 Geometric Modeling.- 6.1 Classification of Geometric Modeling Systems.- 6.2 Solid Modeling Systems.- 6.3 Structure of Systems.- 6.4 Future Trends.- 6.4.1 Models.- 6.4.2 Integration with Application Systems.- 6.4.3 Accumulation of Geometric Data in the System.- 6.4.4 Transfer of Characteristic Properties of Artificial Intelligence Systems to Geometric Modeling Systems.- 7 Integration of CAD/CAM.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Meaning of CAD/CAM Integration.- 7.3 Information for Integrated Processing.- 7.4 Software Structures for Integrated CAD Systems.- 7.5 Hardware Structures for Integrated CAD Systems.- 7.6 Examples of Integration.- 7.7 Working Techniques with Integrated Systems.- 7.8 Factory Aspects of Integrated Systems.- 7.9 Trends.- 8 Techniques of Software Design for CAD/CAM.- 8.1 The Evolution of Programming Languages for CAD/CAM.- 8.2 CAD/CAM Software Engineering Tools.- 8.2.1 CAD/CAM Systems.- 8.2.2 Data Bases.- 8.2.3 Design of Interactive Programs.- 8.3 AI and AI Languages for CAD/CAM.- 8.3.1 Data Bases.- 8.3.2 Logic Processing.- 8.3.3 Automatic Decision.- 8.3.4 Syntax of Logic.- 8.4 Conclusion.- 9 Artificial Intelligence.- 9.1 General Trends and Basic Concepts.- 9.2 Fields of Application.- 9.2.1 Effective Forms of Communication.- 9.2.2 Extended Possibilities for Problem Solving.- 9.2.3 Efficient Storage of Information and Knowledge.- 9.2.4 Deductive and Inductive Information Processing on the Basis of Stored Knowledge and Semantic Transformations.- 9.2.5 Deductive and Inductive Acquisition of Knowledge (Self-Learning Systems).- 9.2.6. Process-Related Intelligence with Improved Capabilities of Self-Diagnosis.- 10 Development from CAD/CAM to CIM.- 10.1 The State of the Art of CAM.- 10.2 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing.- 10.2.1 Part Geometry, Product Specification.- 10.2.2 Manufacturing Process Data.- 10.2.3 Product Structure (Bill of Materials).- 10.2.4 Configuration Control.- 10.2.5 Production Schedules, Results.- 10.2.6 Inventory Availability.- 10.3 First Attempts at Computer-Integrated Manufacturing.- Appendix 1 - Activities of the IFIP-WG 5.3.- Appendix 2 - The Tsukuba Test Plant FMS Complex with Laser.- References.