Subsurface Transport & Fate Processes

CONTENT: BACKGROUND. OBJECTIVES. GROUND WATER QUALITY. Qualitative Analyses. Quantitative Analyses. SUBSURFACE AND CONTAMINANT PROPERTIES AFFECTING FATE AND TRANSPORT. Overview of Interactions. HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES. INTRODUCTION. Darcy's Law. Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity. SOLUTE TRANSPORT EQUATION. Problem Scale. Microscopic Dispersion. Macroscopic Dispersion (Macrodispersion). Dispersion Coefficients. Scale Effects. Stochastic Convection Dispersion Models. Non-Fickian Models. PERMEABILITY, SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS. EFFECTS OF DENSITY. MULTIPHASE FLOW. FLOW AND TRANSPORT IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE. FRACTURED MEDIA FLOW. ABIOTIC PROCESSES. SORPTION/DESORPTION. Sorption Fundamentals. Equilibrium Sorption. Equilibrium Desorption. Nonequilibrium Sorption/Desorption. Summary. COSOLVATION/IONIZATION. Cosolvation. Ionization. ION EXCHANGE. Ion Exchange Fundamentals. OXIDATION/REDUCTION REACTIONS. HYDROLYSIS. SPECIALIZATION: DISSOLUTION AND PRECIPITATION. BIOTIC PROCESSES. FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY. Nutrition Requirements/Metabolism. Environmental Factors. Growth Kinetics. SUBSURFACE MICROBIOLOGY. SUBSURFACE METABOLIC PROCESSES. Introduction. Aerobic Metabolism. Anoxic/Anaerobic Metabolism. Field Scale Metabolic Processes. RATES OF SUBSURFACE METABOLIC PROCESSES. SUBSURFACE TRANSPORT OF MICROORGANISMS. PHYSICAL MODELS OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT. OBJECTIVES OF MICROCOSM STUDIES. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROCOSMS. EXAMPLES OF UTILIZED MICROCOSMS. Slurry Microcosms. Homogenized Subsurface Microcosms. Incremental Subsurface Micorcosms. Subsurface Core Microcosms. ADVANTAGES OF LIMITATIONS OF MICROCOSM STUDIES. DESIGNING A MICROCOSM STUDY. ISSUES AND CONCERNS. INNOVATIONS IN MICROCOSM TECHNOLOGY. OTHER PHYSICAL MODELS. EMPIRICAL MODELS AND VULNERABILITY MAPPING. WELLHEAD PROTECTION (ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SUPPORT, INC., 1989). CONTEXT OF VULNERABILITY MAPPING. AGRICULTURAL DRASTIC INDEX. SOIL/AQUIFER FIELD EVALUATION (SAFE). OTHER VULNERABILITY MAPPING TECHNIQUES. PESTICIDE EVALUATIONS. EXAMPLES OF VULNERABILITY MAPPING. GROUND WATER PROTECTION STRATEGIES IN VULNERABLE AREAS. LIMITATIONS AND NEEDS RELATIVE TO VULNERABILITY MAPPING. SUMMARY. MODELING SUBSURFACE TRANSPORT AND FATE PROCESSES. PURPOSES FOR MODEL USAGE. GOVERNING EQUATIONS. Laplace Equation. Poisson Equation. Transient Flow Equation. Unconfined Aquifers. Solute Transport Equations. Multiphase Flow Equations. TYPES OF MODELS. Physical Models. Mathematical Models. APPLICATIONS. OVERVIEW STUDIES OF MODELS. LIMITATIONS OF MODELS. SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE MODEL. CONCLUSIONS. APPLICATIONS OF TRANSPORT AND FATE INFORMATION. TRACER STUDIES. GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION. FACILITATED TRANSPORT. MONITORING WELL PLACEMENT. ADVANCES IN REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES. SOIL WASHING. CASE STUDIES-INORGANICS. CASE STUDIES-ORGANICS.