Threats to Homeland Security
Reassessing the All-Hazards Perspective
2nd Edition
Published on 15. May 2018
Book
Paperback/Softback
576 pages
978-1-119-25181-1 (ISBN)
Description
Addresses threats to homeland security from terrorism and emergency management from natural disasters
Threats to Homeland Security, Second Edition examines the foundations of today's security environment, from broader national security perspectives to specific homeland security interests and concerns. It covers what we protect, how we protect it, and what we protect it from. In addition, the book examines threats from both an international perspective (state vs non-state actors as well as kinds of threat capabilities-from cyber-terrorism to weapons of mass destruction) and from a national perspective (sources of domestic terrorism and future technological challenges, due to globalization and an increasingly interconnected world).
This new edition of Threats to Homeland Security updates previous chapters and provides new chapters focusing on new threats to homeland security today, such as the growing nexus between crime and terrorism, domestic and international intelligence collection, critical infrastructure and technology, and homeland security planning and resources-as well as the need to reassess the all-hazards dimension of homeland security from a resource and management perspective.
Features new chapters on homeland security intelligence, crime and domestic terrorism, critical infrastructure protection, and resource management
Provides a broader context for assessing threats to homeland security from the all-hazards perspective, to include terrorism and natural disasters
Examines potential targets at home and abroad
Includes a comprehensive overview of U.S. policy, strategy, and technologies for preventing and countering terrorism
Includes self-assessment areas, key terms, summary questions, and application exercises. On-line content includes PPT lessons for each chapter and a solutions key for academic adopters
Threats to Homeland Security, Second Edition is an excellent introductory text on homeland security for educators, as well as a good source of training for professionals in a number of homeland security-related disciplines.
Threats to Homeland Security, Second Edition examines the foundations of today's security environment, from broader national security perspectives to specific homeland security interests and concerns. It covers what we protect, how we protect it, and what we protect it from. In addition, the book examines threats from both an international perspective (state vs non-state actors as well as kinds of threat capabilities-from cyber-terrorism to weapons of mass destruction) and from a national perspective (sources of domestic terrorism and future technological challenges, due to globalization and an increasingly interconnected world).
This new edition of Threats to Homeland Security updates previous chapters and provides new chapters focusing on new threats to homeland security today, such as the growing nexus between crime and terrorism, domestic and international intelligence collection, critical infrastructure and technology, and homeland security planning and resources-as well as the need to reassess the all-hazards dimension of homeland security from a resource and management perspective.
Features new chapters on homeland security intelligence, crime and domestic terrorism, critical infrastructure protection, and resource management
Provides a broader context for assessing threats to homeland security from the all-hazards perspective, to include terrorism and natural disasters
Examines potential targets at home and abroad
Includes a comprehensive overview of U.S. policy, strategy, and technologies for preventing and countering terrorism
Includes self-assessment areas, key terms, summary questions, and application exercises. On-line content includes PPT lessons for each chapter and a solutions key for academic adopters
Threats to Homeland Security, Second Edition is an excellent introductory text on homeland security for educators, as well as a good source of training for professionals in a number of homeland security-related disciplines.
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Richard J. Kilroy, Jr., is an Assistant Professor of Politics at Coastal Carolina University in Conway, SC where he teaches courses in Intelligence Operations, Intelligence Analysis, Terrorism and Political Violence, Security Management and Risk Assessment, Homeland Security, and U.S.-Latin American Relations in support of Information Systems Technology, Political Science, and Intelligence and National Security Studies degree programs. He spent 23 years in active duty as an Army Intelligence and Latin America Foreign Area Officer.
Content
Notes on Contributors xiii
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xxiii
1. The Changing Nature of National Security 1
Introduction 2
1.1 Foundations of American Security Policy 2
1.1.1 Geopolitics at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 3
1.1.2 National Security and World War II 6
Self-Check 8
1.2 Security in the Cold War Era 8
1.2.1 Bipolarity versus Multipolarity 10
1.2.2 Containing Communism 12
1.2.3 Non-Communist Threats 16
Self-Check 17
1.3 Security in the Post-Cold War Era: Pre-9/11 17
1.3.1 Changing Threats 18
1.3.2 New Conflicts, New Responses 18
1.3.3 Reorganization of National Security Policy 20
Self-Check 21
1.4 National Security and Terrorism: Post-9/11 21
1.4.1 Globalization and Geopolitics 22
1.4.2 The Bush Administration's Global War on Terrorism 24
1.4.3 The Obama Administration's New National
Security Strategy 26
1.4.4 Homeland Security and National Security 27
Self-Check 28
Summary 29
Key Terms 30
Assess Your Understanding 35
Summary Questions 35
Applying This Chapter 36
You Try It 37
2. Reassessing the All-Hazards Perspective 38
Introduction 39
2.1 Natural Disasters: Things We Can Expect to Happen 39
2.1.1 The History of Natural Disasters in the United States 40
2.1.2 Natural Disaster Response 41
2.1.3 Natural Disasters in a Post-9/11 World 44
Self-Check 46
2.2 Accidental Hazards: Things We Can Try to Prevent 46
2.2.1 History of Accidental Hazards in the United States 46
2.2.2 Accidental Hazard Prevention and Response 48
2.2.3 Accidental Hazards in a Post-9/11 World 50
Self-Check 51
2.3 Man-Made Hazards: Things We Hope Don't Happen 51
2.3.1 History of Man-Made Disasters Caused by
Human Error in the United States 52
2.3.2 Man-Made Disaster Mitigation and Response 53
2.3.3 Man-Made Disasters in a Post-9/11 World 55
Self-Check 56
2.4 Reassessing the All-Hazards Perspective and Disasters 56
Self-Check 59
Summary 59
Key Terms 60
Assess Your Understanding 62
Summary Questions 62
Applying This Chapter 63
You Try It 64
3. Us Homeland Security Interests 65
Introduction 66
3.1 What Is Homeland Security? 66
3.1.1 The Merging of Traditions 67
3.1.2 Prevailing Homeland Security Theories 71
Self-Check 76
3.2 Additional Context for Homeland Security 77
3.2.1 Urban Versus Rural 77
3.2.2 Technologies 78
3.2.3 Political and Economic Factors 79
3.2.4 Security Versus Civil Liberties 81
Self-Check 84
3.3 Homeland Security Enterprise 84
3.3.1 Federal Partners 85
3.3.2 State and Local Partners 90
3.3.3 Whole Community Partners 91
Self-Check 97
3.4 Revisiting the All-Hazards Approach 98
Self-Check 100
Summary 101
Key Terms 101
Assess Your Understanding 105
Summary Questions 105
Applying This Chapter 106
You Try It 108
4. Understanding Threat Assessments 109
Introduction 110
4.1 Background on Threat Assessments and Risk Management 111
4.1.1 Risk Management and Threat Assessment from the
All-Hazards Perspective 111
4.1.2 Assessing Threats and Civil Liberties 113
4.1.3 Homeland Security Risk Management Doctrine 114
Self-Check 116
4.2 A General Framework of Analysis: What to Assess 116
4.2.1 The Disaster Impact Process 117
4.2.2 Pre-Impact Conditions 117
4.2.3 Event-Specific Conditions 120
4.2.4 Final Thoughts on What to Assess 122
Self-Check 122
4.3 A Matrix Approach: How to Assess 123
4.3.1 Risk Matrices 124
4.3.2 Composite Exposure Indicator 127
4.3.3 HAZUS 128
4.3.4 Vulnerability Assessments 128
4.3.5 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment 129
4.3.6 Final Thoughts on How to Assess 130
Self-Check 133
4.4 The Whole-Community Approach of the National
Preparedness System 133
4.4.1 Prevention 136
4.4.2 Protection 137
4.4.3 Mitigation 137
4.4.4 Response 139
4.4.5 Recovery 140
Self-Check 143
Summary 144
Key Terms 144
Assess Your Understanding 148
Summary Questions 148
Applying This Chapter 148
You Try It 150
5. Critical Infrastructure Security, Emergency Preparedness, and Operational Continuity .151
Introduction 152
5.1 Defining Critical Infrastructure 152
5.1.1 Defining the Sectors 153
5.1.2 Information Sharing and Analysis Centers 154
Self-Check 157
5.2 Known Threats to Critical Infrastructure 157
5.2.1 Natural Hazard Threats 158
5.2.2 Terrorism and Human Threats 162
5.2.3 Nontraditional Aviation Technology (NTAT) 165
5.2.4 Cybersecurity Threats 166
Self-Check 168
5.3 Risk Identification, Analysis, and Management 169
5.3.1 Inventory and Critical Assets and Functions 169
5.3.2 Intelligence Functions .171
Self-Check 175
5.4 Emergency Operations and Continuity of Planning 175
5.4.1 Critical Infrastructure Protection Planning and the All-Hazards Perspective 175
5.4.2 Crisis Management Team 177
Self-Check 178
Summary 178
Key Terms 179
Assess Your Understanding 181
Summary Questions 181
Applying This Chapter 181
You Try It 182
6. State Actors and Terrorism 183
Introduction 184
6.1 Defining Terrorism and Other Forms of Collective Violence 184
6.1.1 Legal Definitions of Terrorism 190
6.1.2 The Heyday of State-Sponsored Terrorist Groups 193
6.1.3 The End of the Cold War, Globalization, and
the Decline of State Sponsorship 195
Self-Check 197
6.2 Contemporary State Sponsors of Terrorism 197
6.2.1 Iran 199
6.2.2 Sudan 201
6.2.3 Syria 203
Self-Check 205
6.3 International and Domestic Responses to State-Sponsored Terror 205
6.3.1 United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 205
6.3.2 Other Multilateral Efforts 206
6.3.3 US International Counterterrorism Strategy 208
Self-Check 210
Summary 211
Key Terms 214
Assess Your Understanding 216
Summary Questions 216
Applying This Chapter 217
You Try It 218
7. Non-State Actors and Terrorism 219
Introduction 220
7.1 Explaining the Different Types of Non-state Actors 220
7.1.1 Defining Violent Non-state Actors .220
7.1.2 Defining Non-state Terrorism 221
7.1.3 Terrorism and "Terrorists" 221
Self-Check 223
7.2 Non-state Terrorism as a Security Threat 223
7.2.1 Reasons for the Prevalence of Violent Non-state Actors 224
7.2.2 Non-state Terrorism as a Domestic and International Threat 225
7.2.3 Assessing the Threat Posed by Violent Non-state Actors 227
Self-Check 228
7.3 The Typology of Violent Non-state Actors 228
7.3.1 Political/Ideological Terrorism 231
7.3.2 Ethno-Nationalist or Separatist Terrorism 236
7.3.3 Religious Terrorism 240
7.3.4 Motivational Trends in Non-state Terrorism 247
Self-Check 248
7.4 Methods of Non-state Violence 248
7.4.1 Conventional and Unconventional Methods of
Non-state Violence 249
Self-Check 255
7.5 International Strategies for Countering Non-state Violence 255
7.5.1 The Military Option 257
7.5.2 The Political Option 259
Self-Check 260
Summary 261
Key Terms 261
Assess Your Understanding 265
Summary Questions 265
Applying This Chapter 266
You Try It 267
8. Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare 268
Introduction 269
8.1 The Cyber Threat 269
8.1.1 Defining Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare 271
8.1.2 What Can Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare Do? 272
Self-Check 275
8.2 8.2 Assessing Capability and Intent 275
8.2.1 Who Can Conduct Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare? 275
8.2.2 Tools of Cyber-Terrorism 279
Self-Check 281
8.3 Assessing Consequences 281
8.3.1 Why America Is Vulnerable to Cyber-Attacks 283
8.3.2 The Impact of a Cyber-Terrorist Attack 285
Self-Check 286
8.4 Determining Defenses against Cyber-Crime , Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare 286
8.4.1 The Government and Private Sector Response to Threats in Cyberspace 288
8.4.2 The US Military Response to Cyber-Warfare 291
8.4.3 The New Battlefields of Cyber-Warfare 295
Self-Check 296
Summary 296
Key Terms 297
Assess Your Understanding 301
Summary Questions 301
Applying This Chapter 302
You Try It 303
9. Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption 304
Introduction 305
9.1 Chemical Weapons and Their Consequences 305
9.1.1 History of Chemical Weapons Use 307
9.1.2 Chemical Agents and Their Effects 308
9.1.3 The Threat of Chemical Weapons and Terrorism 311
Self-Check 313
9.2 Biological Weapons and Their Consequences 313
9.2.1 History of Biological Weapons Use 313
9.2.2 Biological Agents and Their Effects 315
9.2.3 The Threat of Biological Weapons and Terrorism 316
Self-Check 319
9.3 Nuclear and Radiological Weapons and Their Consequences 319
9.3.1 Radiological Materials and Their Effects 321
9.3.2 History of Nuclear Material Discoveries and Weapons Development 323
9.3.3 The Threat of Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism 324
9.3.4 Managing Radiological Incidents and Their
Aftermath 327
Self-Check 329
Summary 329
Key Terms 330
Assess Your Understanding 332
Summary Questions 332
Applying This Chapter 333
You Try It 334
10. Domestic Terrorism 335
Introduction 336
10.1 Terrorism in the United States: Across Time and Space 337
10.1.1 Eighteenth- to Twentieth-Century Terrorism 337
10.1.2 Late Twentieth-Century Terrorism 339
10.1.3 Early Twenty-First-Century Terrorism 340
Self-Check 344
10.2 Homegrown "Leaderless Resistance" and Foreign Terrorists 344
10.2.1 Understanding Leaderless Resistance 345
10.2.2 Origins of Lone Wolves 346
10.2.3 Assessing the Lone-Wolf Threat in the
United States 347
10.2.4 Foreign Terrorist Organizations 349
10.2.5 Foreign Organizers 350
Self-Check 352
10.3 Crime and Terrorism 353
10.3.1 Why Would Terrorism and Crime Converge? 353
10.3.2 Where Terrorism and Crime Converge and
Why It Matters 354
Self-Check 356
10.4 The US Domestic Response to Terrorism 356
10.4.1 Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) 357
10.4.2 The Lead Agency Approach and Counterterrorism 359
10.4.3 Police and Counterterrorism 360
Self-Check 364
Summary 365
Key Terms 366
Assess Your Understanding 369
Summary Questions 369
Applying This Chapter 370
You Try It 371
11. Enablers of Mass Effects 372
Introduction 373
11.1 The Power of Information and Ideas 373
11.1.1 Ideas and Terrorism 376
11.1.2 Ideas and Disasters 378
Self-Check 381
11.2 Media and Terrorism 381
11.2.1 The Internet and Terrorism 382
11.2.2 Social Media, Terrorism, and Disaster Response 386
Self-Check 395
11.3 The Role of Educational Institutions 395
11.3.1 Alternative Educational Institutions 396
11.3.2 International Students in the United States 396
Self-Check 399
Summary 399
Key Terms 400
Assess Your Understanding 402
Summary Questions 402
Applying This Chapter 402
You Try It 404
12. Homeland Security Intelligence 405
Introduction 406
12.1 Intelligence and Homeland Security 406
12.1.1 NYPD Surveillance of Muslim Communities 406
12.1.2 What Is Intelligence? 407
12.1.3 The Limited Historical Role of Intelligence in Domestic Affairs 411
Self-Check 412
12.2 The Structure of Intelligence Organizations 412
12.2.1 National-Level Intelligence Organizations 414
12.2.2 The Department of Homeland Security and Intelligence 418
12.2.3 State, Local, and Tribal Government 420
12.2.4 The Private Sector 422
12.2.5 Intelligence Collaboration 423
Self-Check 427
12.3 Methods of Collecting Intelligence Information 427
12.3.1 Human Intelligence Collection 429
12.3.2 Open-Source Intelligence Collection 430
12.3.3 Technical Intelligence Collection .432
Self-Check 436
12.4 Challenges to Homeland Security Intelligence 436
12.4.1 Balancing Liberty and Security in Homeland
Security Intelligence 437
12.4.2 Intelligence Support to Disaster Relief 440
Self-Check 441
Summary 441
Key Terms 443
Assess Your Understanding 446
Summary Questions 446
Applying This Chapter 447
You Try It 448
13. Homeland Security Planning and Resources 449
Introduction 450
13.1 Basics of Homeland Security Planning 450
13.1.1 Planning for Homeland Security Activities 451
13.1.2 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review 452
13.1.3 Expanding on the QHSR: The DHS Strategic Plan 454
13.1.4 Final Thoughts on the QHSR 456
Self-Check 457
13.2 Coordinating Homeland Security Planning 457
13.2.1 The Six-Step Planning Process 458
13.2.2 Performance Measurement: The Challenging "Art" of Measuring Success in Homeland Security Planning 461
13.2.3 SMART Measurement 462
Self-Check 463
13.3 The Logic Model: A Process Framework to Visually Demonstrate the Performance Measurement Process 463
13.3.1 Components of a Logic Model 464
13.3.2 Challenges in Performance Measurement 467
Self-Check 467
13.4 Education in Homeland Security .468
13.4.1 Homeland Security Education Core Curricula 468
13.4.2 Research in Homeland Security: Trends and Future Thoughts 471
Self-Check 473
Summary 473
Key Terms 474
Assess Your Understanding 476
Summary Questions 476
Applying This Chapter 476
You Try It 478
References 479
Index 538
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xxiii
1. The Changing Nature of National Security 1
Introduction 2
1.1 Foundations of American Security Policy 2
1.1.1 Geopolitics at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 3
1.1.2 National Security and World War II 6
Self-Check 8
1.2 Security in the Cold War Era 8
1.2.1 Bipolarity versus Multipolarity 10
1.2.2 Containing Communism 12
1.2.3 Non-Communist Threats 16
Self-Check 17
1.3 Security in the Post-Cold War Era: Pre-9/11 17
1.3.1 Changing Threats 18
1.3.2 New Conflicts, New Responses 18
1.3.3 Reorganization of National Security Policy 20
Self-Check 21
1.4 National Security and Terrorism: Post-9/11 21
1.4.1 Globalization and Geopolitics 22
1.4.2 The Bush Administration's Global War on Terrorism 24
1.4.3 The Obama Administration's New National
Security Strategy 26
1.4.4 Homeland Security and National Security 27
Self-Check 28
Summary 29
Key Terms 30
Assess Your Understanding 35
Summary Questions 35
Applying This Chapter 36
You Try It 37
2. Reassessing the All-Hazards Perspective 38
Introduction 39
2.1 Natural Disasters: Things We Can Expect to Happen 39
2.1.1 The History of Natural Disasters in the United States 40
2.1.2 Natural Disaster Response 41
2.1.3 Natural Disasters in a Post-9/11 World 44
Self-Check 46
2.2 Accidental Hazards: Things We Can Try to Prevent 46
2.2.1 History of Accidental Hazards in the United States 46
2.2.2 Accidental Hazard Prevention and Response 48
2.2.3 Accidental Hazards in a Post-9/11 World 50
Self-Check 51
2.3 Man-Made Hazards: Things We Hope Don't Happen 51
2.3.1 History of Man-Made Disasters Caused by
Human Error in the United States 52
2.3.2 Man-Made Disaster Mitigation and Response 53
2.3.3 Man-Made Disasters in a Post-9/11 World 55
Self-Check 56
2.4 Reassessing the All-Hazards Perspective and Disasters 56
Self-Check 59
Summary 59
Key Terms 60
Assess Your Understanding 62
Summary Questions 62
Applying This Chapter 63
You Try It 64
3. Us Homeland Security Interests 65
Introduction 66
3.1 What Is Homeland Security? 66
3.1.1 The Merging of Traditions 67
3.1.2 Prevailing Homeland Security Theories 71
Self-Check 76
3.2 Additional Context for Homeland Security 77
3.2.1 Urban Versus Rural 77
3.2.2 Technologies 78
3.2.3 Political and Economic Factors 79
3.2.4 Security Versus Civil Liberties 81
Self-Check 84
3.3 Homeland Security Enterprise 84
3.3.1 Federal Partners 85
3.3.2 State and Local Partners 90
3.3.3 Whole Community Partners 91
Self-Check 97
3.4 Revisiting the All-Hazards Approach 98
Self-Check 100
Summary 101
Key Terms 101
Assess Your Understanding 105
Summary Questions 105
Applying This Chapter 106
You Try It 108
4. Understanding Threat Assessments 109
Introduction 110
4.1 Background on Threat Assessments and Risk Management 111
4.1.1 Risk Management and Threat Assessment from the
All-Hazards Perspective 111
4.1.2 Assessing Threats and Civil Liberties 113
4.1.3 Homeland Security Risk Management Doctrine 114
Self-Check 116
4.2 A General Framework of Analysis: What to Assess 116
4.2.1 The Disaster Impact Process 117
4.2.2 Pre-Impact Conditions 117
4.2.3 Event-Specific Conditions 120
4.2.4 Final Thoughts on What to Assess 122
Self-Check 122
4.3 A Matrix Approach: How to Assess 123
4.3.1 Risk Matrices 124
4.3.2 Composite Exposure Indicator 127
4.3.3 HAZUS 128
4.3.4 Vulnerability Assessments 128
4.3.5 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment 129
4.3.6 Final Thoughts on How to Assess 130
Self-Check 133
4.4 The Whole-Community Approach of the National
Preparedness System 133
4.4.1 Prevention 136
4.4.2 Protection 137
4.4.3 Mitigation 137
4.4.4 Response 139
4.4.5 Recovery 140
Self-Check 143
Summary 144
Key Terms 144
Assess Your Understanding 148
Summary Questions 148
Applying This Chapter 148
You Try It 150
5. Critical Infrastructure Security, Emergency Preparedness, and Operational Continuity .151
Introduction 152
5.1 Defining Critical Infrastructure 152
5.1.1 Defining the Sectors 153
5.1.2 Information Sharing and Analysis Centers 154
Self-Check 157
5.2 Known Threats to Critical Infrastructure 157
5.2.1 Natural Hazard Threats 158
5.2.2 Terrorism and Human Threats 162
5.2.3 Nontraditional Aviation Technology (NTAT) 165
5.2.4 Cybersecurity Threats 166
Self-Check 168
5.3 Risk Identification, Analysis, and Management 169
5.3.1 Inventory and Critical Assets and Functions 169
5.3.2 Intelligence Functions .171
Self-Check 175
5.4 Emergency Operations and Continuity of Planning 175
5.4.1 Critical Infrastructure Protection Planning and the All-Hazards Perspective 175
5.4.2 Crisis Management Team 177
Self-Check 178
Summary 178
Key Terms 179
Assess Your Understanding 181
Summary Questions 181
Applying This Chapter 181
You Try It 182
6. State Actors and Terrorism 183
Introduction 184
6.1 Defining Terrorism and Other Forms of Collective Violence 184
6.1.1 Legal Definitions of Terrorism 190
6.1.2 The Heyday of State-Sponsored Terrorist Groups 193
6.1.3 The End of the Cold War, Globalization, and
the Decline of State Sponsorship 195
Self-Check 197
6.2 Contemporary State Sponsors of Terrorism 197
6.2.1 Iran 199
6.2.2 Sudan 201
6.2.3 Syria 203
Self-Check 205
6.3 International and Domestic Responses to State-Sponsored Terror 205
6.3.1 United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 205
6.3.2 Other Multilateral Efforts 206
6.3.3 US International Counterterrorism Strategy 208
Self-Check 210
Summary 211
Key Terms 214
Assess Your Understanding 216
Summary Questions 216
Applying This Chapter 217
You Try It 218
7. Non-State Actors and Terrorism 219
Introduction 220
7.1 Explaining the Different Types of Non-state Actors 220
7.1.1 Defining Violent Non-state Actors .220
7.1.2 Defining Non-state Terrorism 221
7.1.3 Terrorism and "Terrorists" 221
Self-Check 223
7.2 Non-state Terrorism as a Security Threat 223
7.2.1 Reasons for the Prevalence of Violent Non-state Actors 224
7.2.2 Non-state Terrorism as a Domestic and International Threat 225
7.2.3 Assessing the Threat Posed by Violent Non-state Actors 227
Self-Check 228
7.3 The Typology of Violent Non-state Actors 228
7.3.1 Political/Ideological Terrorism 231
7.3.2 Ethno-Nationalist or Separatist Terrorism 236
7.3.3 Religious Terrorism 240
7.3.4 Motivational Trends in Non-state Terrorism 247
Self-Check 248
7.4 Methods of Non-state Violence 248
7.4.1 Conventional and Unconventional Methods of
Non-state Violence 249
Self-Check 255
7.5 International Strategies for Countering Non-state Violence 255
7.5.1 The Military Option 257
7.5.2 The Political Option 259
Self-Check 260
Summary 261
Key Terms 261
Assess Your Understanding 265
Summary Questions 265
Applying This Chapter 266
You Try It 267
8. Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare 268
Introduction 269
8.1 The Cyber Threat 269
8.1.1 Defining Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare 271
8.1.2 What Can Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare Do? 272
Self-Check 275
8.2 8.2 Assessing Capability and Intent 275
8.2.1 Who Can Conduct Cyber-Crime, Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare? 275
8.2.2 Tools of Cyber-Terrorism 279
Self-Check 281
8.3 Assessing Consequences 281
8.3.1 Why America Is Vulnerable to Cyber-Attacks 283
8.3.2 The Impact of a Cyber-Terrorist Attack 285
Self-Check 286
8.4 Determining Defenses against Cyber-Crime , Cyber-Terrorism, and Cyber-Warfare 286
8.4.1 The Government and Private Sector Response to Threats in Cyberspace 288
8.4.2 The US Military Response to Cyber-Warfare 291
8.4.3 The New Battlefields of Cyber-Warfare 295
Self-Check 296
Summary 296
Key Terms 297
Assess Your Understanding 301
Summary Questions 301
Applying This Chapter 302
You Try It 303
9. Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption 304
Introduction 305
9.1 Chemical Weapons and Their Consequences 305
9.1.1 History of Chemical Weapons Use 307
9.1.2 Chemical Agents and Their Effects 308
9.1.3 The Threat of Chemical Weapons and Terrorism 311
Self-Check 313
9.2 Biological Weapons and Their Consequences 313
9.2.1 History of Biological Weapons Use 313
9.2.2 Biological Agents and Their Effects 315
9.2.3 The Threat of Biological Weapons and Terrorism 316
Self-Check 319
9.3 Nuclear and Radiological Weapons and Their Consequences 319
9.3.1 Radiological Materials and Their Effects 321
9.3.2 History of Nuclear Material Discoveries and Weapons Development 323
9.3.3 The Threat of Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism 324
9.3.4 Managing Radiological Incidents and Their
Aftermath 327
Self-Check 329
Summary 329
Key Terms 330
Assess Your Understanding 332
Summary Questions 332
Applying This Chapter 333
You Try It 334
10. Domestic Terrorism 335
Introduction 336
10.1 Terrorism in the United States: Across Time and Space 337
10.1.1 Eighteenth- to Twentieth-Century Terrorism 337
10.1.2 Late Twentieth-Century Terrorism 339
10.1.3 Early Twenty-First-Century Terrorism 340
Self-Check 344
10.2 Homegrown "Leaderless Resistance" and Foreign Terrorists 344
10.2.1 Understanding Leaderless Resistance 345
10.2.2 Origins of Lone Wolves 346
10.2.3 Assessing the Lone-Wolf Threat in the
United States 347
10.2.4 Foreign Terrorist Organizations 349
10.2.5 Foreign Organizers 350
Self-Check 352
10.3 Crime and Terrorism 353
10.3.1 Why Would Terrorism and Crime Converge? 353
10.3.2 Where Terrorism and Crime Converge and
Why It Matters 354
Self-Check 356
10.4 The US Domestic Response to Terrorism 356
10.4.1 Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) 357
10.4.2 The Lead Agency Approach and Counterterrorism 359
10.4.3 Police and Counterterrorism 360
Self-Check 364
Summary 365
Key Terms 366
Assess Your Understanding 369
Summary Questions 369
Applying This Chapter 370
You Try It 371
11. Enablers of Mass Effects 372
Introduction 373
11.1 The Power of Information and Ideas 373
11.1.1 Ideas and Terrorism 376
11.1.2 Ideas and Disasters 378
Self-Check 381
11.2 Media and Terrorism 381
11.2.1 The Internet and Terrorism 382
11.2.2 Social Media, Terrorism, and Disaster Response 386
Self-Check 395
11.3 The Role of Educational Institutions 395
11.3.1 Alternative Educational Institutions 396
11.3.2 International Students in the United States 396
Self-Check 399
Summary 399
Key Terms 400
Assess Your Understanding 402
Summary Questions 402
Applying This Chapter 402
You Try It 404
12. Homeland Security Intelligence 405
Introduction 406
12.1 Intelligence and Homeland Security 406
12.1.1 NYPD Surveillance of Muslim Communities 406
12.1.2 What Is Intelligence? 407
12.1.3 The Limited Historical Role of Intelligence in Domestic Affairs 411
Self-Check 412
12.2 The Structure of Intelligence Organizations 412
12.2.1 National-Level Intelligence Organizations 414
12.2.2 The Department of Homeland Security and Intelligence 418
12.2.3 State, Local, and Tribal Government 420
12.2.4 The Private Sector 422
12.2.5 Intelligence Collaboration 423
Self-Check 427
12.3 Methods of Collecting Intelligence Information 427
12.3.1 Human Intelligence Collection 429
12.3.2 Open-Source Intelligence Collection 430
12.3.3 Technical Intelligence Collection .432
Self-Check 436
12.4 Challenges to Homeland Security Intelligence 436
12.4.1 Balancing Liberty and Security in Homeland
Security Intelligence 437
12.4.2 Intelligence Support to Disaster Relief 440
Self-Check 441
Summary 441
Key Terms 443
Assess Your Understanding 446
Summary Questions 446
Applying This Chapter 447
You Try It 448
13. Homeland Security Planning and Resources 449
Introduction 450
13.1 Basics of Homeland Security Planning 450
13.1.1 Planning for Homeland Security Activities 451
13.1.2 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review 452
13.1.3 Expanding on the QHSR: The DHS Strategic Plan 454
13.1.4 Final Thoughts on the QHSR 456
Self-Check 457
13.2 Coordinating Homeland Security Planning 457
13.2.1 The Six-Step Planning Process 458
13.2.2 Performance Measurement: The Challenging "Art" of Measuring Success in Homeland Security Planning 461
13.2.3 SMART Measurement 462
Self-Check 463
13.3 The Logic Model: A Process Framework to Visually Demonstrate the Performance Measurement Process 463
13.3.1 Components of a Logic Model 464
13.3.2 Challenges in Performance Measurement 467
Self-Check 467
13.4 Education in Homeland Security .468
13.4.1 Homeland Security Education Core Curricula 468
13.4.2 Research in Homeland Security: Trends and Future Thoughts 471
Self-Check 473
Summary 473
Key Terms 474
Assess Your Understanding 476
Summary Questions 476
Applying This Chapter 476
You Try It 478
References 479
Index 538