Children and Social Exclusion

Series Editor's Preface xi Preface xiii Chapter 1 Introduction: Exclusion and Inclusion in Children's Lives 1 Theories of Social Cognition, Social Relationships, and Exclusion 3 Types of Exclusion 6 Goals of the Book 7 Summary 7 Chapter 2 The Emergence of Morality in Childhood 9 Morality in Childhood 10 What Morality is Not 10 Criteria, Definitions, and Measurements of Morality 11 Morality Encompasses Judgment, Emotions, Individuals, and Groups 12 Social Precursors of Moral Judgment 13 Moral Judgment and Interaction in Childhood 19 Morality as Justice 23 Social Domain Model of Social and Moral Judgment 25 Moral Generalizability 30 Morality in the Context of Other Social Concepts: Multifaceted Events 32 Morality and Theory of Mind 34 Morality and Social-Cognitive Development 35 Summary 35 Chapter 3 Emergence of Social Categorization and Prejudice 37 Social Categorization as a Precursor of Prejudice 38 Explicit Biases in Young Children 44 Cognitive Developmental Approach to Prejudice Development 47 Development of Implicit Biases 50 Relation of Implicit Bias to Judgment and Behavior: Is it Prejudice? 53 Summary 57 Chapter 4 Group Identity and Prejudice 59 Is Group Identity Good or Bad? 60 Social Identity Theory 62 Social Identity Development Theory 64 Theory of Social Mind and the Control of Prejudice 68 Moral or Group Norms and the Control of Prejudice 70 Processes Underlying the Control of Prejudice 73 Developmental Subjective Group Dynamics 77 Morality and Group Identity 81 Summary 84 Chapter 5 What We Know about Peer Relations and Exclusion 86 Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Exclusion: Social Traits and Individual Differences 87 Intragroup and Intergroup Exclusion: Ingroup/Outgroup Identity 90 Social Reasoning and Exclusion 92 Gender Exclusion in Early Childhood: Okay or Unfair? 94 Comparing Gender and Racial Exclusion: Group Goals and Qualifications 97 Interviewing Ethnic Minority and Majority Children and Adolescents about Exclusion 100 Social Reasoning about Exclusion in Adolescence: Crowds, Cliques, and Networks 108 Social Reasoning about Sexual Prejudice 108 Exclusion in Interracial Encounters: Lunch Table, Birthday Parties, and Dating 109 Gender Exclusion in the Family Context: Children's Views about Parental Expectations 113 Summary 116 Chapter 6 Intragroup and Intergroup Exclusion: An In-depth Study 118 Group Dynamics: Conceptions of Groups in the Context of Exclusion 118 Group Dynamics: Group Identity, Group-Specific Norms, Domain-Specific Norms 119 Group-Specific Norms 123 Deviance in Social Groups 123 Group Identity 124 Implications for Group Identity in Childhood 132 Summary 132 Chapter 7 Peer Exclusion and Group Identity Around the World: The Role of Culture 134 Cultural Context of Exclusion 136 Long-Standing Intergroup Cultural Conflicts 137 Cultures with Intractable and Violent Conflict 138 Recently Immigrated Groups 143 Intergroup Exclusion Based on Indigenous Groups 151 Summary 152 Chapter 8 Increasing Inclusion, Reducing Prejudice, and Promoting Morality 154 Intergroup Contact and Reducing Prejudice 156 Intergroup Contact and Children 157 Cross-group Friendships and Prejudice 158 Intergroup Contact and Minority Status Children 163 Reducing Implicit Biases through Intergroup Contact 165 Reducing Prejudice through Extended Intergroup Contact 166 Promoting Inclusion through the Mass Media 171 Intergroup Contact and Promoting Moral Reasoning in Children 174 Multicultural Education and Social Exclusion 176 Factors that Reduce Childhood Bias 178 Summary 180 Chapter 9 Integration of Morality, Prejudice, and Group Identity: A New Perspective on Social Exclusion 181 Theories about Peer Relationships 181 Theories about Social Exclusion 183 Children as Active Participants 185 Judgments, Beliefs, Attitudes, Attributions of Emotions, and Behavior 187 Implicit and Indirect Measures of Prejudice and Exclusion 190 An Integrative Social-Cognitive Developmental Perspective on Social Exclusion 191 Social Experience Factors that Promote Inclusion 192 Exclusion and Prejudice 193 Summary 193 References 197 Index 223