Literature
An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition
13th Edition
Published on 19. January 2015
Book
Hardback
720 pages
978-0-321-99852-1 (ISBN)
Description
Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLiteratureLab (R) does not come packaged with this content. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLiteratureLab, search for:
0134047664 / 9780134047669 Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition Plus MyLiteratureLab - Access Card Package
Package consists of:
0133931269 / 9780133931266 - MyLiteratureLab - Access Card
0133931277 / 9780133931273 - MyLiteratureLab - Inside Star Sticker
0321998529 / 9780321998521 - Kennedy/Gioia, Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition, 13/e
MyLiteratureLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
For introductory courses in Literature.
Cultivate a Love of Literature...
This Portable Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, 13/e features four lightweight, paperback volumes-Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing-packed in a slipcase for a more manageable, easier-to-study format.
X.J. Kennedy & Dana Gioia developed Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, 13/e with two major goals in mind: to introduce college students to the appreciation and experience of literature in its major forms and to develop the students' abilties to think critically and communicate effectively through writing. The book is built on the assumption that great literature can enrich and enlarge the lives it touches. Both editors, literary writers themselves, believe that textbooks should be not only informative and accurate but also lively, accessible, and engaging.
Also Available with MyLiteratureLab (R)
This title is also available with MyLiteratureLab - an online resource that works with our literature anthologies to provide engaging experiences to instructors and students.
Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary elements, which provides a foundation for stimulating class discussions. This simple and powerful tool offers state-of-the-art audio and video resources along with practical tools and flexible assessment. The Literature Collection eText within MyLiteratureLab includes more than 700 selections and valuable multimedia resources-including professional performances, biographies of key authors, contextual videos, interactive student papers-that bring literature to life.
0134047664 / 9780134047669 Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition Plus MyLiteratureLab - Access Card Package
Package consists of:
0133931269 / 9780133931266 - MyLiteratureLab - Access Card
0133931277 / 9780133931273 - MyLiteratureLab - Inside Star Sticker
0321998529 / 9780321998521 - Kennedy/Gioia, Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition, 13/e
MyLiteratureLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
For introductory courses in Literature.
Cultivate a Love of Literature...
This Portable Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, 13/e features four lightweight, paperback volumes-Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing-packed in a slipcase for a more manageable, easier-to-study format.
X.J. Kennedy & Dana Gioia developed Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, 13/e with two major goals in mind: to introduce college students to the appreciation and experience of literature in its major forms and to develop the students' abilties to think critically and communicate effectively through writing. The book is built on the assumption that great literature can enrich and enlarge the lives it touches. Both editors, literary writers themselves, believe that textbooks should be not only informative and accurate but also lively, accessible, and engaging.
Also Available with MyLiteratureLab (R)
This title is also available with MyLiteratureLab - an online resource that works with our literature anthologies to provide engaging experiences to instructors and students.
Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary elements, which provides a foundation for stimulating class discussions. This simple and powerful tool offers state-of-the-art audio and video resources along with practical tools and flexible assessment. The Literature Collection eText within MyLiteratureLab includes more than 700 selections and valuable multimedia resources-including professional performances, biographies of key authors, contextual videos, interactive student papers-that bring literature to life.
More details
Edition
13th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 235 mm
Width: 162 mm
Weight
1606 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-321-99852-1 (9780321998521)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
New editions
X. Kennedy | Dana Gioia
Literature
An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, MLA Update, Portable Edition
Book
08/2016
13th Edition
Pearson
€157.20
Shipment within 15-20 days
Content
NOTE: Both Brief and Comprehensive Tables of Contents are listed below.
BRIEF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1: FICTION
Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a Story
2. Point of View
3. Character
4. Setting
5. Tone and Style
6. Theme
7. Symbol
8. Reading Long Stories
9. Genre Fiction
10. Latin American Fiction
11. Critical Casebook: Flannery O'Connor
12. Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth (Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Alice Walker)
13. Stories for Further Reading
VOLUME 2: POETRY
Talking With Kay Ryan
14. Reading a Poem
15. Listening To a Voice
16. Words
17. Saying and Suggesting
18. Imagery
19. Figures of Speech
20. Song
21. Sound
22. Rhythm
23. Closed Form
24. Open Form
25. Symbol
26. Myth and Narrative
27. Poetry and Personal Identity
28. Translation
29. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America
30. Recognizing Excellence
31. What Is Poetry?
32. Three Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost
33. Critical Casebook: T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
34. Poems for Further Reading
VOLUME 3: DRAMA
Talking with David Ives
35. Reading a Play
36. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy
37. Critical Casebook: Sophocles
38. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
39. The Modern Theater
40. Evaluating a Play
41. Plays for Further Reading
VOLUME 4: WRITING
42. Writing About LIterature
43. Writing About a Story
44. Writing About a Poem
45. Writing About a Play
46. Writing a Research Paper
47. Writing As Discovery: Keeping a Journal
48. Writing an Essay Exam
29. Critical Approaches to Literature
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms
COMPREHENSIVE CONTENTS
VOLUME 1 Fiction
Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a Story
THE ART OF FICTION
TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra
A student tries to flee from Death in this brief, sardonic fable.
Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun argue who is stronger and decide to try their powers on an unsuspecting traveler.
Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese
A fable that gives another dimension to Andrew Lang's quip, "He missed an invaluable opportunity to hold his tongue."
Chuang Tzu, Independence
The Prince of Ch'u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death
Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
PLOT
THE SHORT STORY
John Updike, A & P
In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales
THINKING ABOUT PLOT
CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot
TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot
TERMS FOR REVIEW
2. Point of View
IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW
TYPES OF NARRATORS
how much does a narrator know?
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart
The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.
Since no one appreciates Sister, she decides to live at the Post Office. After meeting her family, you won't blame her.
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues
Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer
THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW
CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View
topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW
TERMS FOR REVIEW
3. Character
CHARACTERization
motvation
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of Arnold Friend, a spellbinding imitation teenager.
Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties
Two teenage boys try to navigate their way through a party filled with exotic, mysterious girls.
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn't even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language
THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
CHECKLIST: Writing About Character
topics for writing ON CHARACTER
TERMS FOR REVIEW
4. Setting
ELEMENTS OF SETTING
HISTORICAL FICTION
REGIONALISM
NATURALISM
Kate Chopin, The Storm
Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
Jack London, To Build a Fire
Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
ZZ Packer, Brownies
A Brownie troop of African American girls at camp declare war on a rival troop only to discover their humiliating mistake.
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets
A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting
THINKING ABOUT SETTING
CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
5. Tone and Style
TONE
STYLE
DICTION
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright cafe. What does he need more than brandy?
William Faulkner, Barn Burning
This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
IRONY
O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi
A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word "irony."
Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband
When Edie meets the carnival pilot, her life gets more complicated than she expects.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style
THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
6. Theme
PLOT VERSUS THEME
summarizing the THEME
FINDING THE THEME
Stephen Crane, The Open Boat
In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship.
Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street
Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don't always turn out the way we want them to.
Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son
A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron
Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction
THINKING ABOUT THEME
CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME
TERMS FOR REVIEW
7. Symbol
ALLEGORY
SYMBOLS
RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved-then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain
Anders is in line when armed robbers enter the bank, and he can't help but get involved.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone's prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
Sample Student Paper on Symbols, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums"
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
8. Reading Long Stories and Novels
ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL
NOVELISTIC METHODS
READING NOVELS
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych
The supreme Russian novelist tells how a petty, ambitious judge, near the end of his wasted life, discovers a harrowing truth.
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis
"When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect." Kafka's famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in world literature.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis
THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels
TOPICS FOR WRITING on long stories and novels
TERMS FOR REVIEW
9. Genre Fiction
ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM
WHAT IS GENRE?
TYPES OF GENRE FICTION
GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE
Ray Bradbury, A Sound of Thunder
In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future's not what it used to be.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife's Story
Another full moon, and another terrible transformation-a surprising reversal of a familiar story.
H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider
He had been locked in a gothic castle for his entire life, until the day he escaped, but what he discovered outside sent him running back to his dark captivity.
Dashiell Hammett, One Hour
Someone killed a man named Newhouse in broad daylight on a San Francisco street. Our detective is on the case.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ray Bradbury on Writing, Fall in Love at the Library
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
10. Latin American Fiction
"EL BOOM"
MAGIC REALISM
AFTER THE BOOM
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time, he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
What do you do when a worn-out angel crashes in your yard? Sell tickets or call the priest?
Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me!
A violent episode from decades past catches up with an old man. Will he be saved from the firing squad?
Ines Arredondo, The Shunammite
When Luisa went to visit her dying uncle, she had no idea that her life was about to change forever.
Writing effectively
Jorge Luis Borges on Writing, On Storytelling
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
11. Critical Casebook: Flannery O'Connor
FLANNERY O'CONNOR
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror-and one moment of redeeming grace.
Revelation
Mrs. Turpin thinks herself Jesus's favorite child, until she meets a troubled college girl. Soon violence flares in a doctor's waiting room.
Parker's Back
A tormented man tries to find his way to God and to his wife-by having himself tattooed.
FLANNERY O'CONNOR ON WRITING
Insights into "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
On Her Catholic Faith
CRITICS ON FLANNERY O'CONNOR
J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in "Revelation"
Damian J. Ference, from "No Vague Believer"
Dean Flower, Listening to Flannery O'Connor
Lucinda Williams, Meeting Flannery O'Connor
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
12. Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
Young Goodman Brown
Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees-or dreams he sees-good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite.
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE ON WRITING
Reflections on Truth and Clarity in Literature
The Obscurest Man in American Letters
CRITICS ON HAWTHORNE
Herman Melville, Excerpt from a Review of Mosses from an Old Manse
Edgar Allan Poe, The Genius of Hawthorne's Short Stories
CRITICS ON "YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN"
Richard H. Fogle, Ambiguity in "Young Goodman Brown"
Paul J. Hurley, Evil Wherever He Looks
Nancy Bunge, Complacency and Community
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper
A doctor prescribes a "rest cure" for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING
Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Whatever Is
The Nervous Breakdown of Women
CRITICS ON "THE YELLOW WALLPAPER"
Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
ALICE WALKER
Everyday Use
When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
ALICE WALKER ON WRITING
Reflections on Writing and Women's Lives
CRITICS ON "EVERYDAY USE"
Barbara T. Christian, "Everyday Use" and the Black Power Movement
Mary Helen Washington, "Everyday Use" as a Portrait of the Artist
Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in "Everyday Use"
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
13. Stories For Further Reading
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path
The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.
Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he's been avoiding for years.
Isabel Allende, The Judge's Wife
Revenge can take many different forms, but few are as strange as the revenge taken in this passionate tale.
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes.
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
At last, Peyton Farquhar's neck is in the noose. Reality mingles with dream in this classic story of the American Civil War.
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake
Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three "dangerous characters" learn a lesson one grim night.
Willa Cather, Paul's Case
Paul's teachers can't understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name."
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
A young black man is invited to deliver his high school graduation speech to a gathering of a Southern town's leading white citizens. What promises to be an honor turns into a nightmare of violence, humiliation, and painful self-discovery.
Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat
Delia's hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
Ha Jin, Saboteur
When the police unfairly arrest Mr. Chiu, he hopes for justice. After witnessing their brutality, he quietly plans revenge.
James Joyce, Araby
If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
"Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming." An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies
Mr. Kapasi's life had settled into a quiet pattern-and then Mrs. Das and her family came into it.
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner
Wild-eyed "as if something were going to explode in him," the boy predicts each winning horse, and gamblers rush to bet a thousand pounds.
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
A woman enjoys one night of luxury-and then spends years of her life paying for it.
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man's necessities differed.
Daniel Orozco, Orientation
"Those are the offices and these are the cubicles." Welcome to the first day of your new job.
David Foster Wallace, Everything Is Green
Mayfly and Mitch discuss difficult matters in their trailer.
Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House
Whatever hour you woke, a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.
VOLUME 2 Poetry
Talking with Kay Ryan
14. Reading A Poem
POETRY OR VERSE
HOW TO READ A POEM
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost, "Out, Out-"
DRAMATIC POETRY
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
DIDACTIC POETRY
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"
THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING
William Stafford, Ask Me
William Stafford, A Paraphrase of "Ask Me"
CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15. Listening To a Voice
TONE
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles
Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward
Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM
Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
Anonymous, Dog Haiku
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry
Charlotte Mew, The Farmer's Bride
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
IRONY
Robert Creeley, Oh No
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig
Thomas Hardy, The Workbox
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry
THINKING ABOUT TONE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE
Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's "My Papa's Waltz"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16. Words
LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
DICTION
John Masefield, Cargoes
Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
Samuel Menashe, Bread
Carl Sandburg, Grass
WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Kay Ryan, Blandeur
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Billy Collins, The Names
Anonymous, Carnation Milk
Gina Valdes, English con Salsa
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold
William Wordsworth, Mutability
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates "Jabberwocky"
THINKING ABOUT DICTION
CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17. Saying and Suggesting
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
William Blake, London
Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Maria Hummel, The Tree
Timothy Steele, Epitaph
Diane Thiel, The Minefield
H. D., Sea Rose
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Anne-Marie Thompson, Audiation
Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"
THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18. Imagery
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
IMAGERY
T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
ABOUT HAIKU
Arakida Moritake, The falling flower
Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa, only one guy
Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS
Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs
Neiji Ozawa, The war-this year
CONTEMPORARY HAIKU
Nick Virgilio, The Old Neighborhood
Lee Gurga, Visitor's Room
Penny Harter, broken bowl
Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again
Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave
Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman, The Runner
H. D., Heat
William Carlos Williams, El Hombre
Billy Collins, Embrace
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Chana Bloch, Tired Sex
Gary Snyder, Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout
Kevin Prufer, Pause, Pause
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image
THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY
Sample Student Paper, Faded Beauty: Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in "The Fish"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19. Figures of Speech
WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday, Simile
Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low - in my Regard
Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH
James Stephens, The Wind
Robinson Jeffers, Hands
Margaret Atwood, You fit into me
George Herbert, The Pulley
Dana Gioia, Money
Carl Sandburg, Fog
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Jane Kenyon, The Suitor
Robert Frost, The Secret Sits
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Emily Bronte, Love and Friendship
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20. Song
SINGING AND SAYING
Ben Jonson, To Celia
James Weldon Johnson, Sence You Went Away
William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o' the sun
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
Paul Simon, Richard Cory
BALLADS
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
BLUES
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
RAP
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Neko Case, This Tornado Loves You
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin'
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Bob Dylan on Writing, Rhythm, Rime, and Songwriting from the Outside
THINKING ABOUT POETRY AND SONG
CHECKLIST: Writing About Song Lyrics
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SONG LYRICS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
21. Sound
SOUND AS MEANING
Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?
Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Aphra Behn, When maidens are young
ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE
Frances Cornford, The Watch
James Joyce, All day I hear
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
RIME
William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga
Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus
Bob Kaufman, No More Jazz at Alcatraz
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
How to read a POEM ALOUD
Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane
William Shakespeare, When Daisies Pied and Violets Blue
T. S. Eliot, Virginia
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry
THINKING ABOUT A POEM'S SOUND
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem's Sound
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND
TERMS FOR REVIEW
22. Rhythm
STRESSES AND PAUSES
STRESS AND Meaning
line endings
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
George Gordon, Lord Byron, So We'll Go No More a-Roving
Dorothy Parker, Resume
METER
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme
Edith Sitwell, Mariner Man
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
William Carlos Williams, Smell!
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing "We Real Cool"
THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM
CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
23. Closed Form
the value of form
FORMAL PATTERNS
Ernest Dowson, "Days of Wine and Roses"
John Donne, Song ("Go and catch a falling star")
Thomas M. Disch, Zewhyexary
THE SONNET
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Michael Drayton, Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands Folded
A. E. Stallings, Aftershocks
Amit Majmudar, Rites to Allay the Dead
R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet
Sherman Alexie, The Facebook Sonnet
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
THE EPIGRAM
Sir John Harrington, Of Treason
William Blake, To H-
Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams
Dorothy Parker, The Actress
John Frederick Nims, Contemplation
Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue
Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc's "Fatigue"
Anonymous, Epitaph On A Dentist
OTHER FORMS
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Robert Bridges, Triolet
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Stallings on Writing, On Form and Artifice
THINKING ABOUT A SONNET
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form
TERMS FOR REVIEW
24. Open Form
Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway
FREE VERSE
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill 's
W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Stephen Crane, The Heart
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Ezra Pound, Salutation
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
PROSE POETRY
Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness
Gertrude Stein, from Tender Buttons
VISUAL POETRY
George Herbert, Easter Wings
John Hollander, Swan and Shadow
CONCRETE POETRY
Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Francisco X. Alarcon, Frontera / Border
Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red
Naomi Shihab Nye, The Traveling Onion
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future
THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
25. Symbol
THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL
T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork
THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT
IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
ALLEGORY
Matthew, The Parable of the Good Seed
George Herbert, Redemption
Edwin Markham, Outwitted
Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation
Antonio Machado, Proverbios y Cantares (XXIX)
Translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife
Ted Kooser, Carrie
Mary Oliver, Wild Geese
Tami Haaland, Lipstick
Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
William Blake, The Tyger
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
William Butler Yeats on Writing, Poetic Symbols
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
26. Myth and Narrative
The subjects and uses OF MYTH
origins OF MYTH
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
H. D., Helen
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
ARCHETYPE
Louise Bogan, Medusa
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
PERSONAL MYTH
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School
MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE
Charles Martin, Taken Up
for review and further study
A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Anne Sexton, Cinderella
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Diane Thiel on Writing, Map of Myth
THINKING ABOUT MYTH
CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH
Sample Student Paper, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.'s "Helen"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
27. Poetry and Personal Identity
CONFESSIONAL POETRY
Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
IDENTITY POETICS
Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilinguee
CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY
Claude McKay, America
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California
Francisco X. Alarcon, The X in My Name
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera
Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
GENDER
Anne Stevenson, The Victory
Rafael Campo, For J. W.
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Adrienne Rich, Women
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Brian Turner, The Hurt Locker
Philip Larkin, Aubade
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Rhina Espaillat on Writing, Being a Bilingual Writer
THINKING ABOUT POETIC VOICE AND IDENTITY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Voice and Personal Identity
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PERSONAL IDENTITY
terms for review
28. Translation
IS POETIC TRANSLATION POSSIBLE?
WORLD POETRY
Li Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)
Li Po, Yue Xia Du Zhuo (phonetic Chinese transcription)
Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)
Translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight
COMPARING TRANSLATIONS
Horace, "Carpe Diem" Ode (Latin text)
Horace, "Carpe Diem" Ode (literal translation)
Translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoe
Translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year's Toast
TRANSLATING FORM
Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (Persian text)
Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (literal translation)
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, A Book of Verses underneath the Bough
Translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare Sufficiency
Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Some for the Glories of this World
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, I sometimes think that never blows so red
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, The Moving Finger writes
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Ah Love! could you and I with Him conspire
PARODY
Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are
Andrea Patterson, Because I Could Not Dump
Francis Heaney, We Long Bony Dorks
Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Arthur Waley on Writing, The Method of Translation
THINKING ABOUT PARODY
CHECKLIST: Writing a Parody
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARODY
terms for review
29. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America
Sor Juana, Presente en que el Carino Hace Regalo la Llaneza
Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection
Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos
Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many
Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness
Translated by Robert Mezey, On His Blindness
Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados
Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed
SURREALISM IN LATIN AMERICAN POETRY
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas
Cesar Vallejo, La colera que quiebra al hombre en ninos
Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger
CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POETRY
Jose Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traicion
Translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason
Elva Macias, Comi los frutos elegidos
Translated by Kimberly Gooden, I Ate the Fruits Chosen by the Wind
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Alastair Reid on Writing, Translating Neruda
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SPANISH POETRY
30. Recognizing Excellence
Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face
Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger - moaned for Drink
SENTIMENTALITY
Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment
William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark
RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Robert Hayden, The Whipping
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
Langston Hughes, I, Too
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
Dylan Thomas, In My Craft or Sullen Art
Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing, A Long Poem Does Not Exist
THINKING ABOUT EVALUATING A POEM
CHECKLIST: Writing an Evaluation
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATING A POEM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
31. What Is Poetry?
some definitions of poetry
Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Jose Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic, -
32. Three Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost
EMILY DICKINSON
Success is counted sweetest
I taste a liquor never brewed
Wild Nights - Wild Nights!
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
I'm Nobody! Who are you?
The Soul selects her own Society
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
Much Madness is divinest Sense
This is my letter to the World
I heard a Fly buzz - when I died
I started Early - Took my Dog
Because I could not stop for Death
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
EMILY DICKINSON ON WRITING
Recognizing Poetry
Self-Description
CRITICS ON EMILY DICKINSON
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson
Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson's Manuscriptsx
Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of "Because I could not stop for Death")
Judith Farr, A Reading of "My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun"
LANGSTON HUGHES
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
The Negro
My People
Song for a Banjo Dance
Mother to Son
Song for a Dark Girl
Prayer
Luck
Theme for English B
Nightmare Boogie
Harlem [Dream Deferred]
Ballad of Booker T.
Homecoming
LANGSTON HUGHES ON WRITING
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain
The Harlem Renaissance
CRITICS ON LANGSTON HUGHES
Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist
Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, The Voices in Langston Hughes
Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes
Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and Jazz
Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of "Dream Deferred"
ROBERT FROST
Mowing
Mending Wall
After Apple-picking
The Road Not Taken
Birches
Design
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night
Desert Places
The Silken Tent
Home Burial
ROBERT FROST ON WRITING
The Sound of Sense
The Figure a Poem Makes
"There Are Two Types of Realist": An Interview with Robert Frost
CRITICS ON ROBERT FROST
Katherine Kearns, On "Mending Wall"
Ezra Pound, An Honest Writer
Rhina Espaillat, Translating Frost into Spanish
William H. Pritchard, from "Forms of Guardedness"
Dana Gioia, Robert Frost's Dramatic Narratives
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
33. Critical Casebook: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
T. S. ELIOT
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
PUBLISHING "PRUFROCK"
THE REVIEWERS ON PRUFROCK
Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement
Unsigned, Review from Literary World
Conrad Aiken, from "Divers Realists," The Dial
Babette Deutsch, from "Another Impressionist," The New Republic
Marianne Moore, from "A Note on T. S. Eliot's Book," Poetry
May Sinclair, from "Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism," The Little Review
T. S. ELIOT ON WRITING
Poetry and Emotion
The Objective Correlative
The Difficulty of Poetry
CRITICS ON "PRUFROCK"
Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets
Christopher Ricks, What's in a Name?
Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: "One," "You," and "I"
Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time?
Burton Raffel, "Indeterminacy" in Eliot's Poetry
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
34. Poems for Further Reading
Julia Alvarez, By Accident
Anonymous (Scottish ballad), Lord Randall
Anonymous (Navajo chant), Last Words of the Prophet
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
John Ashbery, At North Farm
W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Spliced Wire
Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station
William Blake, The Sick Rose
Gwendolyn Brooks, the mother
Gwendolyn Brooks, the rites for Cousin Vit
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky
Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty
G.K. Chesterton, The Donkey
John Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Billy Collins, Care and Feeding
Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters
E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond
Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress
Michael Donaghy, Our Life Stories
John Donne, Death be not proud
John Donne, The Flea
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Seamus Heaney, Digging
William Ernest Henley, Invictus
George Herbert, Love
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Robinson Jeffers, Fire on the Hills
Ha Jin, Missed Time
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse
Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad
Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
Li-Young Lee, Out of Hiding
Denise Levertov, O Taste and See
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America
Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
David Mason, Ballade at 3 AM
Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Marianne Moore, Poetry
Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman
Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
Christina Rossetti, When I am dead, my dearest
Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
William Shakespeare, When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Charles Simic, Butcher Shop
Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry
Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill
Amy Uyematsu, Deliberate
Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes
Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose
Walt Whitman, from Song of the Open Road
Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astonomer
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne's-Lace
William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge
Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth
Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me seke
William Butler Yeats, He wishes for the Cloths of heaven
William Butler Yeats, The Magi
William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old
VOLUME 3 Drama
Talking with David Ives
35. Reading a Play
interpreting plays
THEATRICAL CONVENTIONS
Elements of a Play
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Was Minnie Wright to blame for the death of her husband? While the menfolk try to unravel a mystery, two women in the kitchen turn up revealing clues.
Analyzing Trifles
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Susan Glaspell on Writing, Creating Trifles
THINKING ABOUT A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON trifles
Sample Student Paper, Outside Trifles
TERMS FOR REVIEW
36. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy
TRAGEDY
Christopher Marlowe, Scene from Doctor Faustus (Act x, Scene x)
In this scene from the classic drama, a brilliant scholar sells his soul to the devil. How smart is that?
COMEDY
Oscar Wilde, Scene from The Importance of Being Earnest (Act 1, Scene 1-Lady Bracknell Interviews Her Daughter's Suitor)
Lady Bracknell is no softie when interviewing a potential future son-in-law.
David Ives, Soap Opera
Should a man choose a mere human lover instead of pure perfection? The world turns on the answer.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
David Ives on Writing, On the One-Act Play
THINKING ABOUT COMEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Comedy
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT TRAGEDY
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT COMEDY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
37. Critical Casebook: Sophocles
THE THEATER OF SOPHOCLES
THE CIVIC ROLE OF GREEK DRAMA
ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPT OF TRAGEDY
SOPHOCLES
THE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS THE KING
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by David Grene)
The dark story of Oedipus is considered by many to be the greatest example of classical Greek tragedy.
THE BACKGROUND OF ANTIGONE
Sophocles, Antigone (Translated by David Grene)
In one of the monumental plays of classical Greek drama, a daughter of Oedipus strives to give the body of her slain brother a proper burial. Soon she finds herself in conflict with a king.
CRITICS ON SOPHOCLES
Aristotle, Defining Tragedy
Sigmund Freud, The Destiny of Oedipus
A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles
David Wiles, The Chorus as Democrat
Jean Anouihl, Tragic Destiny
Patricia M. Lines, What Is Antigone's Tragic Flaw?
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Haigh on Writing, The Style of Sophocles
THINKING ABOUT GREEK TRAGEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Greek Drama
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOPHOCLES
TERMS FOR REVIEW
38. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
THE THEATER OF SHAKESPEARE
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
A NOTE ON OTHELLO
PICTURING OTHELLO
William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
Here is a story of jealousy, that "green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on"-of a passionate, suspicious man and his blameless wife, of a serpent masked as a friend.
THE BACKGROUND OF HAMLET
PICTURING HAMLET
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
In perhaps the most celebrated play in English, a ghost demands that young Prince Hamlet avenge his father's "most foul and unnatural murder." But how can Hamlet be sure that the apparition is indeed his father's spirit?
THE BACKGROUND OF A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM
Picturing a midsummer night's dream
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
"The course of true love never did run smooth" is the right motto for this romantic comedy in which love, magic, and mistaken identity combine for madcap results.
CRITICS ON SHAKESPEARE
Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare
W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain
Maud Bodkin, Lucifer in Shakespeare's Othello
Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello
A. C. Bradley, Hamlet's Melancholy
Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia
Edgar Allan Poe, Hamlet as a Fictional Character
Samuel Johnson, Shakespeare's Universality
Clare Asquith, Shakespeare's Language as a Hidden Political Code
Germaine Greer, Shakespeare's "Honest Mirth"
Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night's Dream
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ben Jonson on Writing, On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare
UNDERSTANDING SHAKESPEARE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Shakespeare
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON shakespeare
Sample Student Paper, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?
39. The Modern Theater
REALISM
NATURALISM
SYMBOLISM AND EXPRESSIONISM
AMERICAN MODERNISM
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen) x
The founder of modern drama portrays a troubled marriage. Helmer, the bank manager, regards his wife Nora as a "little featherbrain"-not knowing the truth may shatter his smug world.
Henrik Ibsen on Writing, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll's House
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
Painfully shy and retiring, shunning love, Laura dwells in a world as fragile as her collection of tiny figurines-until one memorable night a gentleman comes to call.
Tennessee Williams on Writing, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie
TRAGICOMEDY AND THE ABSURD
RETURN TO REALISM
EXPERIMENTAL DRAMA
Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer
Nineteen-year-old Margarita Suarez wants to win a Southern California distance swimming race. Is her family behind her? Quite literally!
Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Writing, Writing The Cuban Swimmer
DOCUMENTARY DRAMA
Anna Deavere Smith, Scenes from Twilight: Los Angeles,
The violence that tore apart a city, in the words of those who were there.
Anna Deavere Smith on Writing, On Documentary Theaterx
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT DRAMATIC REALISM
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Realist Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON REALISM
Sample Student Paper, Helmer vs. Helmer
TERMS FOR REVIEW
40. Evaluating a Play
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
JUDGING A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATION
41. Plays for Further Reading
David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice
A strange man arrives at a solitary woman's home in the remote countryside. As they fall in love, they discover disturbing secrets about one another's past.
David Henry Hwang on Writing, Multicultural Theater
Edward Bok Lee, El Santo Americano
A wrestler and his unhappy wife drive through the desert to a surprising conclusion.
Edward Bok Lee on Writing, On Being a Korean American Writer
Jane Martin, Pomp and Circumstance
The King interviews a musician for the position of court composer
Brighde Mullins, Click
A long-distance phone call leads to darkly comic misunderstandings between this man and woman.
Brighde Mullins on Writing, Advice for Young Playwrights
August Wilson, Fences
A proud man's love for his family is choked by his rigidity and self-righteousness, in this powerful drama by one of the great American playwrights of our time.
August Wilson on Writing, A Look into Black America
VOLUME 4 Writing
42. Writing About Literature
READ ACTIVELY
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
PLAN YOUR ESSAY
PREWRITING: GENERATE IDEAS AND ISSUES
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
DEVELOP YOUR ARGUMENT
STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT: RHETORICAL APPEALS x
Logical Argumentation and Evidence
Emotional Argumentation
Credibility: Tone, Balance, and Organization
CHECKLIST: Developing an Argument
DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT
Sample Student Paper, Rough Draft
REVISE YOUR ARGUMENT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
FINAL ADVICE ON REWRITING
SAMPLE STUDENT ARGUMENT PAPER
Sample Student Paper, Argument
DOCUMENT SOURCES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
THE FORM OF YOUR FINISHED PAPER
SPELL-CHECK AND GRAMMAR-CHECK PROGRAMS
Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers
43. Writing About a Story
READ ACTIVELY
THINK ABOUT THE STORY
PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
draft your argument
CHECKLIST: Drafting Your Argument
REVISE YOUR DRAFT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
WHAT'S YOUR PURPOSE? COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT FICTION
Explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
Analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
The Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
Comparison and Contrast
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
Response Paper
Sample Student Response Paper
TOPICS FOR WRITING
44. Writing About a Poem
READ ACTIVELY
Robert Frost, Design
THINK ABOUT THE POEM
PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
draft your argument
CHECKLIST: Drafting your Argument
REVISE YOUR DRAFT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Draft
COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT POETRY
Explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
A Critic's Explication of Frost's "Design"
Analysis x
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
HOW TO QUOTE A POEM
TOPICS FOR WRITING
Robert Frost, In White
45. Writing About a Play
READ CRITICALLY
COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
Explication
Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
A Drama Review
Sample Student Drama Review
HOW TO QUOTE A PLAY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
46. Writing a Research Paper
BROWSE THE RESEARCH
CHOOSE A TOPIC
BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH
Reliable Web Sources
Print Resources
Online Databases
CHECKLIST: Finding Reliable Sources
Visual Images
CHECKLIST: Using Visual Images
EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
Trustworthy Resources Build Your Paper's Credibility
CHECKLIST: Evaluating Your Sources
ORGANIZE YOUR RESEARCH
CREATE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFINE YOUR THESIS
ORGANIZE YOUR PAPER
WRITE AND REVISE
MAINTAIN ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
What Is Plagiarism?
Papers for Sale Are Papers that "Fail"
A Warning Against Internet Plagiarism
ACKNOWLEDGE ALL SOURCES
Using Quotations
Citing Ideas
DOCUMENT SOURCES USING MLA STYLE
List of Sources
Parenthetical References
Works-Cited List
Citing Print Sources in MLA Style
Citing Web Sources in MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited
ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES
Adding Footnotes
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
WRITING ASSIGNMENT FOR A RESEARCH PAPER
Sample Student Research Paper
Sample Student Research Paper
Reference Guide for mla Citations
47. Writing As Discovery: Keeping a Journal
THE REWARDS OF KEEPING A JOURNAL
Sample Journal Entry
Sample Student Journal
48. Writing an Essay Exam
CHECKLIST: Taking an Essay Exam
49. Critical Approaches to Literature
FORMALIST CRITICISM
Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic
Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in "Sonny's Blues"
BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop's "One Art"
Emily Toth, The Source for Alcee Laballiere in "The Storm"
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Hugh Kenner, Imagism
Seamus Deane, Joyce's Vision of Dublin
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams
Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in "The Tell-Tale Heart"
MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Carl Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes
Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form
Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in "The Rocking-Horse Winner"
GENDER CRITICISM
Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The Metamorphosis
Richard R. Bozorth, "Tell Me the Truth About Love"
READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
Stanley Fish, An Eskimo "A Rose for Emily"
Robert Scholes, "How Do We Make a Poem?"
CULTURAL STUDIES
Mark Bauerlein, What Is Cultural Studies?
Camille Paglia, A Reading of William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms
BRIEF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1: FICTION
Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a Story
2. Point of View
3. Character
4. Setting
5. Tone and Style
6. Theme
7. Symbol
8. Reading Long Stories
9. Genre Fiction
10. Latin American Fiction
11. Critical Casebook: Flannery O'Connor
12. Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth (Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Alice Walker)
13. Stories for Further Reading
VOLUME 2: POETRY
Talking With Kay Ryan
14. Reading a Poem
15. Listening To a Voice
16. Words
17. Saying and Suggesting
18. Imagery
19. Figures of Speech
20. Song
21. Sound
22. Rhythm
23. Closed Form
24. Open Form
25. Symbol
26. Myth and Narrative
27. Poetry and Personal Identity
28. Translation
29. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America
30. Recognizing Excellence
31. What Is Poetry?
32. Three Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost
33. Critical Casebook: T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
34. Poems for Further Reading
VOLUME 3: DRAMA
Talking with David Ives
35. Reading a Play
36. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy
37. Critical Casebook: Sophocles
38. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
39. The Modern Theater
40. Evaluating a Play
41. Plays for Further Reading
VOLUME 4: WRITING
42. Writing About LIterature
43. Writing About a Story
44. Writing About a Poem
45. Writing About a Play
46. Writing a Research Paper
47. Writing As Discovery: Keeping a Journal
48. Writing an Essay Exam
29. Critical Approaches to Literature
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms
COMPREHENSIVE CONTENTS
VOLUME 1 Fiction
Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a Story
THE ART OF FICTION
TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra
A student tries to flee from Death in this brief, sardonic fable.
Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun argue who is stronger and decide to try their powers on an unsuspecting traveler.
Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese
A fable that gives another dimension to Andrew Lang's quip, "He missed an invaluable opportunity to hold his tongue."
Chuang Tzu, Independence
The Prince of Ch'u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death
Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
PLOT
THE SHORT STORY
John Updike, A & P
In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales
THINKING ABOUT PLOT
CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot
TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot
TERMS FOR REVIEW
2. Point of View
IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW
TYPES OF NARRATORS
how much does a narrator know?
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart
The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.
Since no one appreciates Sister, she decides to live at the Post Office. After meeting her family, you won't blame her.
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues
Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer
THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW
CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View
topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW
TERMS FOR REVIEW
3. Character
CHARACTERization
motvation
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of Arnold Friend, a spellbinding imitation teenager.
Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties
Two teenage boys try to navigate their way through a party filled with exotic, mysterious girls.
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn't even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language
THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
CHECKLIST: Writing About Character
topics for writing ON CHARACTER
TERMS FOR REVIEW
4. Setting
ELEMENTS OF SETTING
HISTORICAL FICTION
REGIONALISM
NATURALISM
Kate Chopin, The Storm
Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
Jack London, To Build a Fire
Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
ZZ Packer, Brownies
A Brownie troop of African American girls at camp declare war on a rival troop only to discover their humiliating mistake.
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets
A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting
THINKING ABOUT SETTING
CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
5. Tone and Style
TONE
STYLE
DICTION
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright cafe. What does he need more than brandy?
William Faulkner, Barn Burning
This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
IRONY
O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi
A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word "irony."
Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband
When Edie meets the carnival pilot, her life gets more complicated than she expects.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style
THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
6. Theme
PLOT VERSUS THEME
summarizing the THEME
FINDING THE THEME
Stephen Crane, The Open Boat
In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship.
Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street
Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don't always turn out the way we want them to.
Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son
A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron
Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction
THINKING ABOUT THEME
CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME
TERMS FOR REVIEW
7. Symbol
ALLEGORY
SYMBOLS
RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved-then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain
Anders is in line when armed robbers enter the bank, and he can't help but get involved.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone's prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
Sample Student Paper on Symbols, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums"
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
8. Reading Long Stories and Novels
ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL
NOVELISTIC METHODS
READING NOVELS
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych
The supreme Russian novelist tells how a petty, ambitious judge, near the end of his wasted life, discovers a harrowing truth.
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis
"When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect." Kafka's famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in world literature.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis
THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels
TOPICS FOR WRITING on long stories and novels
TERMS FOR REVIEW
9. Genre Fiction
ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM
WHAT IS GENRE?
TYPES OF GENRE FICTION
GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE
Ray Bradbury, A Sound of Thunder
In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future's not what it used to be.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife's Story
Another full moon, and another terrible transformation-a surprising reversal of a familiar story.
H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider
He had been locked in a gothic castle for his entire life, until the day he escaped, but what he discovered outside sent him running back to his dark captivity.
Dashiell Hammett, One Hour
Someone killed a man named Newhouse in broad daylight on a San Francisco street. Our detective is on the case.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ray Bradbury on Writing, Fall in Love at the Library
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
10. Latin American Fiction
"EL BOOM"
MAGIC REALISM
AFTER THE BOOM
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time, he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
What do you do when a worn-out angel crashes in your yard? Sell tickets or call the priest?
Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me!
A violent episode from decades past catches up with an old man. Will he be saved from the firing squad?
Ines Arredondo, The Shunammite
When Luisa went to visit her dying uncle, she had no idea that her life was about to change forever.
Writing effectively
Jorge Luis Borges on Writing, On Storytelling
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
11. Critical Casebook: Flannery O'Connor
FLANNERY O'CONNOR
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror-and one moment of redeeming grace.
Revelation
Mrs. Turpin thinks herself Jesus's favorite child, until she meets a troubled college girl. Soon violence flares in a doctor's waiting room.
Parker's Back
A tormented man tries to find his way to God and to his wife-by having himself tattooed.
FLANNERY O'CONNOR ON WRITING
Insights into "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
On Her Catholic Faith
CRITICS ON FLANNERY O'CONNOR
J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in "Revelation"
Damian J. Ference, from "No Vague Believer"
Dean Flower, Listening to Flannery O'Connor
Lucinda Williams, Meeting Flannery O'Connor
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
12. Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
Young Goodman Brown
Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees-or dreams he sees-good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite.
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE ON WRITING
Reflections on Truth and Clarity in Literature
The Obscurest Man in American Letters
CRITICS ON HAWTHORNE
Herman Melville, Excerpt from a Review of Mosses from an Old Manse
Edgar Allan Poe, The Genius of Hawthorne's Short Stories
CRITICS ON "YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN"
Richard H. Fogle, Ambiguity in "Young Goodman Brown"
Paul J. Hurley, Evil Wherever He Looks
Nancy Bunge, Complacency and Community
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper
A doctor prescribes a "rest cure" for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING
Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Whatever Is
The Nervous Breakdown of Women
CRITICS ON "THE YELLOW WALLPAPER"
Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
ALICE WALKER
Everyday Use
When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
ALICE WALKER ON WRITING
Reflections on Writing and Women's Lives
CRITICS ON "EVERYDAY USE"
Barbara T. Christian, "Everyday Use" and the Black Power Movement
Mary Helen Washington, "Everyday Use" as a Portrait of the Artist
Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in "Everyday Use"
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
13. Stories For Further Reading
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path
The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.
Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he's been avoiding for years.
Isabel Allende, The Judge's Wife
Revenge can take many different forms, but few are as strange as the revenge taken in this passionate tale.
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes.
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
At last, Peyton Farquhar's neck is in the noose. Reality mingles with dream in this classic story of the American Civil War.
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake
Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three "dangerous characters" learn a lesson one grim night.
Willa Cather, Paul's Case
Paul's teachers can't understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name."
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
A young black man is invited to deliver his high school graduation speech to a gathering of a Southern town's leading white citizens. What promises to be an honor turns into a nightmare of violence, humiliation, and painful self-discovery.
Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat
Delia's hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
Ha Jin, Saboteur
When the police unfairly arrest Mr. Chiu, he hopes for justice. After witnessing their brutality, he quietly plans revenge.
James Joyce, Araby
If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
"Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming." An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies
Mr. Kapasi's life had settled into a quiet pattern-and then Mrs. Das and her family came into it.
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner
Wild-eyed "as if something were going to explode in him," the boy predicts each winning horse, and gamblers rush to bet a thousand pounds.
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
A woman enjoys one night of luxury-and then spends years of her life paying for it.
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man's necessities differed.
Daniel Orozco, Orientation
"Those are the offices and these are the cubicles." Welcome to the first day of your new job.
David Foster Wallace, Everything Is Green
Mayfly and Mitch discuss difficult matters in their trailer.
Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House
Whatever hour you woke, a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.
VOLUME 2 Poetry
Talking with Kay Ryan
14. Reading A Poem
POETRY OR VERSE
HOW TO READ A POEM
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost, "Out, Out-"
DRAMATIC POETRY
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
DIDACTIC POETRY
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"
THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING
William Stafford, Ask Me
William Stafford, A Paraphrase of "Ask Me"
CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15. Listening To a Voice
TONE
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles
Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward
Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM
Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
Anonymous, Dog Haiku
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry
Charlotte Mew, The Farmer's Bride
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
IRONY
Robert Creeley, Oh No
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig
Thomas Hardy, The Workbox
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry
THINKING ABOUT TONE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE
Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's "My Papa's Waltz"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16. Words
LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
DICTION
John Masefield, Cargoes
Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
Samuel Menashe, Bread
Carl Sandburg, Grass
WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Kay Ryan, Blandeur
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Billy Collins, The Names
Anonymous, Carnation Milk
Gina Valdes, English con Salsa
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold
William Wordsworth, Mutability
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates "Jabberwocky"
THINKING ABOUT DICTION
CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17. Saying and Suggesting
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
William Blake, London
Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Maria Hummel, The Tree
Timothy Steele, Epitaph
Diane Thiel, The Minefield
H. D., Sea Rose
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Anne-Marie Thompson, Audiation
Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"
THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18. Imagery
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
IMAGERY
T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
ABOUT HAIKU
Arakida Moritake, The falling flower
Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa, only one guy
Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS
Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs
Neiji Ozawa, The war-this year
CONTEMPORARY HAIKU
Nick Virgilio, The Old Neighborhood
Lee Gurga, Visitor's Room
Penny Harter, broken bowl
Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again
Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave
Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman, The Runner
H. D., Heat
William Carlos Williams, El Hombre
Billy Collins, Embrace
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Chana Bloch, Tired Sex
Gary Snyder, Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout
Kevin Prufer, Pause, Pause
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image
THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY
Sample Student Paper, Faded Beauty: Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in "The Fish"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19. Figures of Speech
WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday, Simile
Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low - in my Regard
Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH
James Stephens, The Wind
Robinson Jeffers, Hands
Margaret Atwood, You fit into me
George Herbert, The Pulley
Dana Gioia, Money
Carl Sandburg, Fog
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Jane Kenyon, The Suitor
Robert Frost, The Secret Sits
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Emily Bronte, Love and Friendship
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20. Song
SINGING AND SAYING
Ben Jonson, To Celia
James Weldon Johnson, Sence You Went Away
William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o' the sun
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
Paul Simon, Richard Cory
BALLADS
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
BLUES
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
RAP
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Neko Case, This Tornado Loves You
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin'
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Bob Dylan on Writing, Rhythm, Rime, and Songwriting from the Outside
THINKING ABOUT POETRY AND SONG
CHECKLIST: Writing About Song Lyrics
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SONG LYRICS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
21. Sound
SOUND AS MEANING
Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?
Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Aphra Behn, When maidens are young
ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE
Frances Cornford, The Watch
James Joyce, All day I hear
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
RIME
William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga
Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus
Bob Kaufman, No More Jazz at Alcatraz
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
How to read a POEM ALOUD
Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane
William Shakespeare, When Daisies Pied and Violets Blue
T. S. Eliot, Virginia
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry
THINKING ABOUT A POEM'S SOUND
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem's Sound
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND
TERMS FOR REVIEW
22. Rhythm
STRESSES AND PAUSES
STRESS AND Meaning
line endings
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
George Gordon, Lord Byron, So We'll Go No More a-Roving
Dorothy Parker, Resume
METER
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme
Edith Sitwell, Mariner Man
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
William Carlos Williams, Smell!
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing "We Real Cool"
THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM
CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
23. Closed Form
the value of form
FORMAL PATTERNS
Ernest Dowson, "Days of Wine and Roses"
John Donne, Song ("Go and catch a falling star")
Thomas M. Disch, Zewhyexary
THE SONNET
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Michael Drayton, Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands Folded
A. E. Stallings, Aftershocks
Amit Majmudar, Rites to Allay the Dead
R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet
Sherman Alexie, The Facebook Sonnet
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
THE EPIGRAM
Sir John Harrington, Of Treason
William Blake, To H-
Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams
Dorothy Parker, The Actress
John Frederick Nims, Contemplation
Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue
Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc's "Fatigue"
Anonymous, Epitaph On A Dentist
OTHER FORMS
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Robert Bridges, Triolet
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Stallings on Writing, On Form and Artifice
THINKING ABOUT A SONNET
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form
TERMS FOR REVIEW
24. Open Form
Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway
FREE VERSE
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill 's
W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Stephen Crane, The Heart
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Ezra Pound, Salutation
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
PROSE POETRY
Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness
Gertrude Stein, from Tender Buttons
VISUAL POETRY
George Herbert, Easter Wings
John Hollander, Swan and Shadow
CONCRETE POETRY
Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Francisco X. Alarcon, Frontera / Border
Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red
Naomi Shihab Nye, The Traveling Onion
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future
THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
25. Symbol
THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL
T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork
THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT
IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
ALLEGORY
Matthew, The Parable of the Good Seed
George Herbert, Redemption
Edwin Markham, Outwitted
Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation
Antonio Machado, Proverbios y Cantares (XXIX)
Translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife
Ted Kooser, Carrie
Mary Oliver, Wild Geese
Tami Haaland, Lipstick
Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
William Blake, The Tyger
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
William Butler Yeats on Writing, Poetic Symbols
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
26. Myth and Narrative
The subjects and uses OF MYTH
origins OF MYTH
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
H. D., Helen
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
ARCHETYPE
Louise Bogan, Medusa
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
PERSONAL MYTH
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School
MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE
Charles Martin, Taken Up
for review and further study
A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Anne Sexton, Cinderella
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Diane Thiel on Writing, Map of Myth
THINKING ABOUT MYTH
CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH
Sample Student Paper, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.'s "Helen"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
27. Poetry and Personal Identity
CONFESSIONAL POETRY
Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
IDENTITY POETICS
Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilinguee
CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY
Claude McKay, America
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California
Francisco X. Alarcon, The X in My Name
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera
Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
GENDER
Anne Stevenson, The Victory
Rafael Campo, For J. W.
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Adrienne Rich, Women
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Brian Turner, The Hurt Locker
Philip Larkin, Aubade
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Rhina Espaillat on Writing, Being a Bilingual Writer
THINKING ABOUT POETIC VOICE AND IDENTITY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Voice and Personal Identity
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PERSONAL IDENTITY
terms for review
28. Translation
IS POETIC TRANSLATION POSSIBLE?
WORLD POETRY
Li Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)
Li Po, Yue Xia Du Zhuo (phonetic Chinese transcription)
Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)
Translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight
COMPARING TRANSLATIONS
Horace, "Carpe Diem" Ode (Latin text)
Horace, "Carpe Diem" Ode (literal translation)
Translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoe
Translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year's Toast
TRANSLATING FORM
Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (Persian text)
Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (literal translation)
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, A Book of Verses underneath the Bough
Translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare Sufficiency
Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Some for the Glories of this World
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, I sometimes think that never blows so red
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, The Moving Finger writes
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Ah Love! could you and I with Him conspire
PARODY
Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are
Andrea Patterson, Because I Could Not Dump
Francis Heaney, We Long Bony Dorks
Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Arthur Waley on Writing, The Method of Translation
THINKING ABOUT PARODY
CHECKLIST: Writing a Parody
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARODY
terms for review
29. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America
Sor Juana, Presente en que el Carino Hace Regalo la Llaneza
Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection
Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos
Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many
Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness
Translated by Robert Mezey, On His Blindness
Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados
Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed
SURREALISM IN LATIN AMERICAN POETRY
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas
Cesar Vallejo, La colera que quiebra al hombre en ninos
Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger
CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POETRY
Jose Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traicion
Translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason
Elva Macias, Comi los frutos elegidos
Translated by Kimberly Gooden, I Ate the Fruits Chosen by the Wind
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Alastair Reid on Writing, Translating Neruda
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SPANISH POETRY
30. Recognizing Excellence
Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face
Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger - moaned for Drink
SENTIMENTALITY
Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment
William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark
RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Robert Hayden, The Whipping
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
Langston Hughes, I, Too
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
Dylan Thomas, In My Craft or Sullen Art
Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing, A Long Poem Does Not Exist
THINKING ABOUT EVALUATING A POEM
CHECKLIST: Writing an Evaluation
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATING A POEM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
31. What Is Poetry?
some definitions of poetry
Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Jose Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic, -
32. Three Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost
EMILY DICKINSON
Success is counted sweetest
I taste a liquor never brewed
Wild Nights - Wild Nights!
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
I'm Nobody! Who are you?
The Soul selects her own Society
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
Much Madness is divinest Sense
This is my letter to the World
I heard a Fly buzz - when I died
I started Early - Took my Dog
Because I could not stop for Death
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
EMILY DICKINSON ON WRITING
Recognizing Poetry
Self-Description
CRITICS ON EMILY DICKINSON
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson
Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson's Manuscriptsx
Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of "Because I could not stop for Death")
Judith Farr, A Reading of "My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun"
LANGSTON HUGHES
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
The Negro
My People
Song for a Banjo Dance
Mother to Son
Song for a Dark Girl
Prayer
Luck
Theme for English B
Nightmare Boogie
Harlem [Dream Deferred]
Ballad of Booker T.
Homecoming
LANGSTON HUGHES ON WRITING
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain
The Harlem Renaissance
CRITICS ON LANGSTON HUGHES
Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist
Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, The Voices in Langston Hughes
Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes
Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and Jazz
Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of "Dream Deferred"
ROBERT FROST
Mowing
Mending Wall
After Apple-picking
The Road Not Taken
Birches
Design
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night
Desert Places
The Silken Tent
Home Burial
ROBERT FROST ON WRITING
The Sound of Sense
The Figure a Poem Makes
"There Are Two Types of Realist": An Interview with Robert Frost
CRITICS ON ROBERT FROST
Katherine Kearns, On "Mending Wall"
Ezra Pound, An Honest Writer
Rhina Espaillat, Translating Frost into Spanish
William H. Pritchard, from "Forms of Guardedness"
Dana Gioia, Robert Frost's Dramatic Narratives
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
33. Critical Casebook: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
T. S. ELIOT
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
PUBLISHING "PRUFROCK"
THE REVIEWERS ON PRUFROCK
Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement
Unsigned, Review from Literary World
Conrad Aiken, from "Divers Realists," The Dial
Babette Deutsch, from "Another Impressionist," The New Republic
Marianne Moore, from "A Note on T. S. Eliot's Book," Poetry
May Sinclair, from "Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism," The Little Review
T. S. ELIOT ON WRITING
Poetry and Emotion
The Objective Correlative
The Difficulty of Poetry
CRITICS ON "PRUFROCK"
Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets
Christopher Ricks, What's in a Name?
Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: "One," "You," and "I"
Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time?
Burton Raffel, "Indeterminacy" in Eliot's Poetry
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
34. Poems for Further Reading
Julia Alvarez, By Accident
Anonymous (Scottish ballad), Lord Randall
Anonymous (Navajo chant), Last Words of the Prophet
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
John Ashbery, At North Farm
W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Spliced Wire
Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station
William Blake, The Sick Rose
Gwendolyn Brooks, the mother
Gwendolyn Brooks, the rites for Cousin Vit
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky
Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty
G.K. Chesterton, The Donkey
John Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Billy Collins, Care and Feeding
Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters
E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond
Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress
Michael Donaghy, Our Life Stories
John Donne, Death be not proud
John Donne, The Flea
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Seamus Heaney, Digging
William Ernest Henley, Invictus
George Herbert, Love
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Robinson Jeffers, Fire on the Hills
Ha Jin, Missed Time
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse
Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad
Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
Li-Young Lee, Out of Hiding
Denise Levertov, O Taste and See
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America
Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
David Mason, Ballade at 3 AM
Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Marianne Moore, Poetry
Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman
Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
Christina Rossetti, When I am dead, my dearest
Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
William Shakespeare, When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Charles Simic, Butcher Shop
Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry
Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill
Amy Uyematsu, Deliberate
Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes
Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose
Walt Whitman, from Song of the Open Road
Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astonomer
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne's-Lace
William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge
Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth
Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me seke
William Butler Yeats, He wishes for the Cloths of heaven
William Butler Yeats, The Magi
William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old
VOLUME 3 Drama
Talking with David Ives
35. Reading a Play
interpreting plays
THEATRICAL CONVENTIONS
Elements of a Play
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Was Minnie Wright to blame for the death of her husband? While the menfolk try to unravel a mystery, two women in the kitchen turn up revealing clues.
Analyzing Trifles
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Susan Glaspell on Writing, Creating Trifles
THINKING ABOUT A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON trifles
Sample Student Paper, Outside Trifles
TERMS FOR REVIEW
36. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy
TRAGEDY
Christopher Marlowe, Scene from Doctor Faustus (Act x, Scene x)
In this scene from the classic drama, a brilliant scholar sells his soul to the devil. How smart is that?
COMEDY
Oscar Wilde, Scene from The Importance of Being Earnest (Act 1, Scene 1-Lady Bracknell Interviews Her Daughter's Suitor)
Lady Bracknell is no softie when interviewing a potential future son-in-law.
David Ives, Soap Opera
Should a man choose a mere human lover instead of pure perfection? The world turns on the answer.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
David Ives on Writing, On the One-Act Play
THINKING ABOUT COMEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Comedy
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT TRAGEDY
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT COMEDY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
37. Critical Casebook: Sophocles
THE THEATER OF SOPHOCLES
THE CIVIC ROLE OF GREEK DRAMA
ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPT OF TRAGEDY
SOPHOCLES
THE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS THE KING
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by David Grene)
The dark story of Oedipus is considered by many to be the greatest example of classical Greek tragedy.
THE BACKGROUND OF ANTIGONE
Sophocles, Antigone (Translated by David Grene)
In one of the monumental plays of classical Greek drama, a daughter of Oedipus strives to give the body of her slain brother a proper burial. Soon she finds herself in conflict with a king.
CRITICS ON SOPHOCLES
Aristotle, Defining Tragedy
Sigmund Freud, The Destiny of Oedipus
A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles
David Wiles, The Chorus as Democrat
Jean Anouihl, Tragic Destiny
Patricia M. Lines, What Is Antigone's Tragic Flaw?
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Haigh on Writing, The Style of Sophocles
THINKING ABOUT GREEK TRAGEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Greek Drama
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOPHOCLES
TERMS FOR REVIEW
38. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
THE THEATER OF SHAKESPEARE
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
A NOTE ON OTHELLO
PICTURING OTHELLO
William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
Here is a story of jealousy, that "green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on"-of a passionate, suspicious man and his blameless wife, of a serpent masked as a friend.
THE BACKGROUND OF HAMLET
PICTURING HAMLET
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
In perhaps the most celebrated play in English, a ghost demands that young Prince Hamlet avenge his father's "most foul and unnatural murder." But how can Hamlet be sure that the apparition is indeed his father's spirit?
THE BACKGROUND OF A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM
Picturing a midsummer night's dream
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
"The course of true love never did run smooth" is the right motto for this romantic comedy in which love, magic, and mistaken identity combine for madcap results.
CRITICS ON SHAKESPEARE
Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare
W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain
Maud Bodkin, Lucifer in Shakespeare's Othello
Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello
A. C. Bradley, Hamlet's Melancholy
Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia
Edgar Allan Poe, Hamlet as a Fictional Character
Samuel Johnson, Shakespeare's Universality
Clare Asquith, Shakespeare's Language as a Hidden Political Code
Germaine Greer, Shakespeare's "Honest Mirth"
Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night's Dream
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ben Jonson on Writing, On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare
UNDERSTANDING SHAKESPEARE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Shakespeare
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON shakespeare
Sample Student Paper, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?
39. The Modern Theater
REALISM
NATURALISM
SYMBOLISM AND EXPRESSIONISM
AMERICAN MODERNISM
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen) x
The founder of modern drama portrays a troubled marriage. Helmer, the bank manager, regards his wife Nora as a "little featherbrain"-not knowing the truth may shatter his smug world.
Henrik Ibsen on Writing, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll's House
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
Painfully shy and retiring, shunning love, Laura dwells in a world as fragile as her collection of tiny figurines-until one memorable night a gentleman comes to call.
Tennessee Williams on Writing, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie
TRAGICOMEDY AND THE ABSURD
RETURN TO REALISM
EXPERIMENTAL DRAMA
Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer
Nineteen-year-old Margarita Suarez wants to win a Southern California distance swimming race. Is her family behind her? Quite literally!
Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Writing, Writing The Cuban Swimmer
DOCUMENTARY DRAMA
Anna Deavere Smith, Scenes from Twilight: Los Angeles,
The violence that tore apart a city, in the words of those who were there.
Anna Deavere Smith on Writing, On Documentary Theaterx
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT DRAMATIC REALISM
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Realist Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON REALISM
Sample Student Paper, Helmer vs. Helmer
TERMS FOR REVIEW
40. Evaluating a Play
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
JUDGING A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATION
41. Plays for Further Reading
David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice
A strange man arrives at a solitary woman's home in the remote countryside. As they fall in love, they discover disturbing secrets about one another's past.
David Henry Hwang on Writing, Multicultural Theater
Edward Bok Lee, El Santo Americano
A wrestler and his unhappy wife drive through the desert to a surprising conclusion.
Edward Bok Lee on Writing, On Being a Korean American Writer
Jane Martin, Pomp and Circumstance
The King interviews a musician for the position of court composer
Brighde Mullins, Click
A long-distance phone call leads to darkly comic misunderstandings between this man and woman.
Brighde Mullins on Writing, Advice for Young Playwrights
August Wilson, Fences
A proud man's love for his family is choked by his rigidity and self-righteousness, in this powerful drama by one of the great American playwrights of our time.
August Wilson on Writing, A Look into Black America
VOLUME 4 Writing
42. Writing About Literature
READ ACTIVELY
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
PLAN YOUR ESSAY
PREWRITING: GENERATE IDEAS AND ISSUES
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
DEVELOP YOUR ARGUMENT
STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT: RHETORICAL APPEALS x
Logical Argumentation and Evidence
Emotional Argumentation
Credibility: Tone, Balance, and Organization
CHECKLIST: Developing an Argument
DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT
Sample Student Paper, Rough Draft
REVISE YOUR ARGUMENT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
FINAL ADVICE ON REWRITING
SAMPLE STUDENT ARGUMENT PAPER
Sample Student Paper, Argument
DOCUMENT SOURCES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
THE FORM OF YOUR FINISHED PAPER
SPELL-CHECK AND GRAMMAR-CHECK PROGRAMS
Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers
43. Writing About a Story
READ ACTIVELY
THINK ABOUT THE STORY
PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
draft your argument
CHECKLIST: Drafting Your Argument
REVISE YOUR DRAFT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
WHAT'S YOUR PURPOSE? COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT FICTION
Explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
Analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
The Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
Comparison and Contrast
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
Response Paper
Sample Student Response Paper
TOPICS FOR WRITING
44. Writing About a Poem
READ ACTIVELY
Robert Frost, Design
THINK ABOUT THE POEM
PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
draft your argument
CHECKLIST: Drafting your Argument
REVISE YOUR DRAFT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Draft
COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT POETRY
Explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
A Critic's Explication of Frost's "Design"
Analysis x
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
HOW TO QUOTE A POEM
TOPICS FOR WRITING
Robert Frost, In White
45. Writing About a Play
READ CRITICALLY
COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
Explication
Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
A Drama Review
Sample Student Drama Review
HOW TO QUOTE A PLAY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
46. Writing a Research Paper
BROWSE THE RESEARCH
CHOOSE A TOPIC
BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH
Reliable Web Sources
Print Resources
Online Databases
CHECKLIST: Finding Reliable Sources
Visual Images
CHECKLIST: Using Visual Images
EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
Trustworthy Resources Build Your Paper's Credibility
CHECKLIST: Evaluating Your Sources
ORGANIZE YOUR RESEARCH
CREATE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFINE YOUR THESIS
ORGANIZE YOUR PAPER
WRITE AND REVISE
MAINTAIN ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
What Is Plagiarism?
Papers for Sale Are Papers that "Fail"
A Warning Against Internet Plagiarism
ACKNOWLEDGE ALL SOURCES
Using Quotations
Citing Ideas
DOCUMENT SOURCES USING MLA STYLE
List of Sources
Parenthetical References
Works-Cited List
Citing Print Sources in MLA Style
Citing Web Sources in MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited
ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES
Adding Footnotes
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
WRITING ASSIGNMENT FOR A RESEARCH PAPER
Sample Student Research Paper
Sample Student Research Paper
Reference Guide for mla Citations
47. Writing As Discovery: Keeping a Journal
THE REWARDS OF KEEPING A JOURNAL
Sample Journal Entry
Sample Student Journal
48. Writing an Essay Exam
CHECKLIST: Taking an Essay Exam
49. Critical Approaches to Literature
FORMALIST CRITICISM
Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic
Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in "Sonny's Blues"
BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop's "One Art"
Emily Toth, The Source for Alcee Laballiere in "The Storm"
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Hugh Kenner, Imagism
Seamus Deane, Joyce's Vision of Dublin
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams
Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in "The Tell-Tale Heart"
MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Carl Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes
Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form
Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in "The Rocking-Horse Winner"
GENDER CRITICISM
Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The Metamorphosis
Richard R. Bozorth, "Tell Me the Truth About Love"
READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
Stanley Fish, An Eskimo "A Rose for Emily"
Robert Scholes, "How Do We Make a Poem?"
CULTURAL STUDIES
Mark Bauerlein, What Is Cultural Studies?
Camille Paglia, A Reading of William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms