Literature
An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing
13th Edition
Published on 15. January 2015
Book
Hardback
2064 pages
978-0-321-97166-1 (ISBN)
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For introductory courses in Literature.
Cultivate a Love of Literature...
X.J. Kennedy & Dana Gioia developed Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Thirteenth Edition with two major goals in mind: to introduce college students to the appreciation and experience of literature in its major forms and to develop the student's ability to think critically and communicate effectively through writing. The book is built on the assumption that great literature can enrich and enlarge the lives it touches. Both editors, literary writers themselves, believe that textbooks should be not only informative and accurate but also lively, accessible, and engaging.
Also Available with MyLiteratureLab (R)
This title is also available with MyLiteratureLab - an online resource that works with our literature anthologies to provide engaging experiences to instructors and students.
Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary elements, which provides a foundation for stimulating class discussions. This simple and powerful tool offers state-of-the-art audio and video resources along with practical tools and flexible assessment. The Literature Collection eText within MyLiteratureLab includes more than 700 selections and valuable multimedia resources-including professional performances, biographies of key authors, contextual videos, and interactive student papers-that bring literature to life.
0134047699 / 9780134047690 The Literature Collection Plus MyLiteratureLab - Access Card Package
Package consists of:
0133931269 / 9780133931266 MyLiteratureLab without Pearson eText - Access Card
0321971663 / 9780321971661 Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing
MyLiteratureLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
For introductory courses in Literature.
Cultivate a Love of Literature...
X.J. Kennedy & Dana Gioia developed Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Thirteenth Edition with two major goals in mind: to introduce college students to the appreciation and experience of literature in its major forms and to develop the student's ability to think critically and communicate effectively through writing. The book is built on the assumption that great literature can enrich and enlarge the lives it touches. Both editors, literary writers themselves, believe that textbooks should be not only informative and accurate but also lively, accessible, and engaging.
Also Available with MyLiteratureLab (R)
This title is also available with MyLiteratureLab - an online resource that works with our literature anthologies to provide engaging experiences to instructors and students.
Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary elements, which provides a foundation for stimulating class discussions. This simple and powerful tool offers state-of-the-art audio and video resources along with practical tools and flexible assessment. The Literature Collection eText within MyLiteratureLab includes more than 700 selections and valuable multimedia resources-including professional performances, biographies of key authors, contextual videos, and interactive student papers-that bring literature to life.
More details
Edition
13th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 235 mm
Width: 162 mm
Weight
1565 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-321-97166-1 (9780321971661)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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X. J. Kennedy | Dana Gioia
Literature
An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, MLA Update Edition
Book
09/2016
13th Edition
Pearson
€120.27
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X. J. Kennedy | Dana Gioia
Literature
An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition
Book
02/2012
12th Edition
Pearson
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Article exhausted; check for reprint
Persons
X. J. Kennedy, after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy ("Actually, I was pretty eighth class"). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written six more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, an Aiken-Taylor prize, the Robert Frost Medal of the Poetry Society of America, and the Award for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.
Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. He was appointed as California Poet Laureate for a two-year term. Born in Los Angeles of Italian and Mexican ancestry, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a corporate vice presidency to write. He has published four collections of poetry, Daily Horoscope (1986), The Gods of Winter (1991), Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and Pity the Beautiful (2012); and three critical volumes, including Can Poetry Matter? (1992), an influential study of poetry's place in contemporary America. Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. From 2003-2009 he served as the Chairman of the National Endowments for the Arts. At the NEA he created the largest literary programs in federal history, including Shakespeare in American Communities and Poetry Out Loud, the national high school poetry recitation contest. He also led the campaign to restore active literary reading by creating The Big Read, which helped reverse a quarter century of decline in U.S. reading. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California.
Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. He was appointed as California Poet Laureate for a two-year term. Born in Los Angeles of Italian and Mexican ancestry, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a corporate vice presidency to write. He has published four collections of poetry, Daily Horoscope (1986), The Gods of Winter (1991), Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and Pity the Beautiful (2012); and three critical volumes, including Can Poetry Matter? (1992), an influential study of poetry's place in contemporary America. Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. From 2003-2009 he served as the Chairman of the National Endowments for the Arts. At the NEA he created the largest literary programs in federal history, including Shakespeare in American Communities and Poetry Out Loud, the national high school poetry recitation contest. He also led the campaign to restore active literary reading by creating The Big Read, which helped reverse a quarter century of decline in U.S. reading. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California.
Content
Preface
To the Instructor
About the Authors
Fiction
Talking with Amy Tan
1. READING A STORY
THE ART OF FICTION
TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra
Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun
Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese
Chuang Tzu, Independence
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death
PLOT
THE SHORT STORY
John Updike, A & P
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales
THINKING ABOUT PLOT
CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot
TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot
TERMS FOR REVIEW
2. POINT OF VIEW
IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW TYPES OF NARRATORS
how much does a narrator know?
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer
THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW
CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View
topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW
TERMS FOR REVIEW
3. CHARACTER
CHARACTERIZATION
MOTIVATION
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language
THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
CHECKLIST: Writing About Character
TOPICS FOR REVIEW ON CHARACTER
TERMS FOR REVIEW
4. SETTING
ELEMENTS OF SETTING HISTORICAL FICTION
REGIONALISM
NATURALISM
Kate Chopin, The Storm
Jack London, To Build a Fire
ZZ Packer, Brownies
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting
THINKING ABOUT SETTING
CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
5. TONE AND STYLE
TONE
STYLE
DICTION
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
William Faulkner, Barn Burning
IRONY
O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi
Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style
THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
6. THEME
PLOT VERSUS THEME SUMMARIZING THE THEME
FINDING THE THEME
Stephen Crane, The Open Boat
Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street
Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son
Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction
THINKING ABOUT THEME
CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME
TERMS FOR REVIEW
7. SYMBOL
ALLEGORY
SYMBOLS
RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
Sample Student Paper on Symbols, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums"
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
8. READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL NOVELISTIC METHODS
READING NOVELS
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis
THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels
TOPICS FOR WRITING on long stories and novels
TERMS FOR REVIEW
9 GENRE FICTION
ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM
WHAT IS GENRE?
TYPES OF GENRE FICTION
GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE
Ray Bradbury,A Sound of Thunder
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife's Story
H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider
Dashiell Hammett, One Hour
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ray Bradbury on Writing, Fall in Love at the Library
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
10. LATIN AMERICAN FICTION
"EL BOOM"
MAGIC REALISM
AFTER THE BOOM
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me!
Ines Arredondo, The Shunammite
Writing effectively
Jorge Luis Borges on Writing, On Storytelling
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
11 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Flannery O'Connor
FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Revelation
Parker's Back
FLANNERY O'CONNOR ON WRITING
Insights into "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
On Her Catholic Faith
CRITICS ON FLANNERY O'CONNOR
J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in "Revelation"
Damian J. Ference, from "No Vague Believer"
Dean Flower, Listening to Flannery O'Connor
Lucinda Williams, Meeting Flannery O'Connor
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
12 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Three Stories in Depth
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
Young Goodman Brown
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE ON WRITING
Reflections on Truth and Clarity in Literature
The Obscurest Man in American Letters
CRITICS ON HAWTHORNE
Herman Melville, Excerpt from a Review of Mosses from an Old Manse
Edgar Allan Poe, The Genius of Hawthorne's Short Stories
CRITICS ON "YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN" 000
Richard H. Fogle, Ambiguity in "Young Goodman Brown"
Paul J. Hurley, Evil Wherever He Looks
Nancy Bunge, Complacency and Community
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING
Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Whatever Is
The Nervous Breakdown of Women
CRITICS ON "THE YELLOW WALLPAPER"
Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
ALICE WALKER
Everyday Use
ALICE WALKER ON WRITING
Reflections on Writing and Women's Lives
CRITICS ON "EVERYDAY USE"
Barbara T. Christian, "Everyday Use" and the Black Power Movement
Mary Helen Washington, "Everyday Use" as a Portrait of the Artist
Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in "Everyday Use"
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
13 STORIES FOR FURTHER READING
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
Isabel Allende, The Judge's Wife
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake
Willa Cather, Paul's Case
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat
Ha Jin, Saboteur
James Joyce, Araby
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Daniel Orozco, Orientation
David Foster Wallace, Everything Is Green
Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House
Poetry
Talking with Kay Ryan
14 READING A POEM
POETRY OR VERSE HOW TO READ A POEM
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost, "Out, Out-"
DRAMATIC POETRY
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
DIDACTIC POETRY
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"
THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING
William Stafford, Ask Me
William Stafford, A Paraphrase of "Ask Me"
CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15 LISTENING TO A VOICE
TONE
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles
Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward
Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM
Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
Anonymous, Dog Haiku
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry
Charlotte Mew, The Farmer's Bride
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
IRONY
Robert Creeley, Oh No
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig
Thomas Hardy, The Workbox
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry
THINKING ABOUT TONE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE
Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's "My Papa's Waltz"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16 WORDS
LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
DICTION
John Masefield, Cargoes
Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
Samuel Menashe, Bread
Carl Sandburg, Grass
WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Kay Ryan, Blandeur
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Billy Collins, The Names
Anonymous, Carnation Milk
Gina Valdes, English con Salsa
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold
William Wordsworth, Mutability
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates "Jabberwocky"
THINKING ABOUT DICTION
CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17 SAYING AND SUGGESTING
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION William Blake, London
Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Maria Hummel, The Tree
Timothy Steele, Epitaph
Diane Thiel, The Minefield
H. D., Sea Rose
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Anne-Marie Thompson, Audiation
Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"
THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18 IMAGERY
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
IMAGERY
T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
ABOUT HAIKU
Arakida Moritake, The falling flower
Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa, only one guy
Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS
Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs
Neiji Ozawa, The war-this year
CONTEMPORARY HAIKU
Nick Virgilio, The Old Neighborhood
Lee Gurga, Visitor's Room
Penny Harter, broken bowl
Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again
Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave
Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman, The Runner
H. D., Heat
William Carlos Williams, El Hombre
Billy Collins, Embrace
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Chana Bloch, Tired Sex
Gary Snyder, Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout
Kevin Prufer, Pause, Pause
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image
THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY
Sample Student Paper, Faded Beauty: Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in "The Fish"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19 FIGURES OF SPEECH
WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday, Simile
Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low - in my Regard
Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH
James Stephens, The Wind
Robinson Jeffers, Hands
Margaret Atwood, You fit into me
George Herbert, The Pulley
Dana Gioia, Money
Carl Sandburg, Fog
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Jane Kenyon, The Suitor
Robert Frost, The Secret Sits
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Emily Bronte, Love and Friendship
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20 SONG
SINGING AND SAYING Ben Jonson, To Celia
James Weldon Johnson, Sence You Went Away
William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o' the sun
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
Paul Simon, Richard Cory
BALLADS
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
BLUES
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
RAP
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Neko Case, This Tornado Loves You
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin'
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Bob Dylan on Writing, Rhythm, Rime, and Songwriting from the Outside
THINKING ABOUT POETRY AND SONG
CHECKLIST: Writing About Song Lyrics
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SONG LYRICS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
21 SOUND
SOUND AS MEANING
Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?
Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Aphra Behn, When maidens are young
ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE
Frances Cornford, The Watch
James Joyce, All day I hear
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
RIME
William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga
Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus
Bob Kaufman, No More Jazz at Alcatraz
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
How to read a POEM ALOUD
Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane
William Shakespeare, When Daisies Pied and Violets Blue
T. S. Eliot, Virginia
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry
THINKING ABOUT A POEM'S SOUND
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem's Sound
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND
TERMS FOR REVIEW
22 RHYTHM
STRESSES AND PAUSES STRESS AND MEANING
LINE ENDINGS
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
George Gordon, Lord Byron, So We'll Go No More a-Roving
Dorothy Parker, Resume
METER
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme
Edith Sitwell, Mariner Man
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
William Carlos Williams, Smell!
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing "We Real Cool"
THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM
CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
23 CLOSED FORM
THE VALUE OF FORM
FORMAL PATTERNS
Ernest Dowson, "Days of Wine and Roses"
John Donne, Song ("Go and catch a falling star")
Thomas M. Disch, Zewhyexary
THE SONNET
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Michael Drayton, Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands Folded
A. E. Stallings, Aftershocks
Amit Majmudar, Rites to Allay the Dead
R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet
Sherman Alexie, The Facebook Sonnet
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
THE EPIGRAM
Sir John Harrington, Of Treason
William Blake, To H-
Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams
Dorothy Parker, The Actress
John Frederick Nims, Contemplation
Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue
Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc's "Fatigue"
Anonymous, Epitaph On A Dentist
OTHER FORMS
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Robert Bridges, Triolet
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Stallings on Writing, On Form and Artifice
THINKING ABOUT A SONNET
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form
TERMS FOR REVIEW
24 OPEN FORM
Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway FREE VERSE
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill 's
W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Stephen Crane, The Heart
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Ezra Pound, Salutation
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
PROSE POETRY
Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness
Gertrude Stein, from Tender Buttons
VISUAL POETRY
George Herbert, Easter Wings
John Hollander, Swan and Shadow
CONCRETE POETRY
Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Francisco X. Alarcon, Frontera / Border
Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red
Naomi Shihab Nye, The Traveling Onion
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future
THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
25 SYMBOL
THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL
T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork
THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT
IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
ALLEGORY
Matthew, The Parable of the Good Seed
George Herbert, Redemption
Edwin Markham, Outwitted
Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation
Antonio Machado, Proverbios y Cantares (XXIX)
Translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife
Ted Kooser, Carrie
Mary Oliver, Wild Geese
Tami Haaland, Lipstick
Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
William Blake, The Tyger
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
William Butler Yeats on Writing, Poetic Symbols
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
26 MYTH AND NARRATIVE
THE SUBJECTS AND USES OF MYTH ORIGINS OF MYTH
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
H. D., Helen
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
ARCHETYPE
Louise Bogan, Medusa
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
PERSONAL MYTH
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School
MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE
Charles Martin, Taken Up
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Anne Sexton, Cinderella
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Diane Thiel on Writing, Map of Myth
THINKING ABOUT MYTH
CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH
Sample Student Paper, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.'s "Helen"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
27 POETRY AND PERSONAL IDENTITY
CONFESSIONAL POETRY
Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
IDENTITY POETICS
Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilinguee
CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY
Claude McKay, America
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California
Francisco X. Alarcon, The X in My Name
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera
Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
GENDER
Anne Stevenson, The Victory
Rafael Campo, For J. W.
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Adrienne Rich, Women
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Brian Turner, The Hurt Locker
Philip Larkin, Aubade
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Rhina Espaillat on Writing, Being a Bilingual Writer
THINKING ABOUT POETIC VOICE AND IDENTITY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Voice and Personal Identity
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PERSONAL IDENTITY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
28 TRANSLATION
IS POETIC TRANSLATION POSSIBLE?
WORLD POETRY
Li Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)
Li Po, Yue Xia Du Zhuo (phonetic Chinese transcription)
Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)
Translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight
COMPARING TRANSLATIONS
Horace, "Carpe Diem" Ode (Latin text)
Horace, "Carpe Diem" Ode (literal translation)
Translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoe
Translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year's Toast
TRANSLATING FORM
Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (Persian text)
Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (literal translation)
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, A Book of Verses underneath the Bough
Translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare Sufficiency
Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Some for the Glories of this World
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, I sometimes think that never blows so red
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, The Moving Finger writes
Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Ah Love! could you and I with Him conspire xxx
PARODY
Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are
Andrea Patterson, Because I Could Not Dump
Francis Heaney, We Long Bony Dorks
Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Arthur Waley on Writing, The Method of Translation
THINKING ABOUT PARODY
CHECKLIST: Writing a Parody
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARODY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
29 POETRY IN SPANISH: LITERATURE OF LATIN AMERICA
Sor Juana, Presente en que el Carino Hace Regalo la Llaneza Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection
Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos
Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many
Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness
Translated by Robert Mezey, On His Blindness
Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados
Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed
SURREALISM IN LATIN AMERICAN POETRY
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas
Cesar Vallejo, La colera que quiebra al hombre en ninos
Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger
CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POETRY
Jose Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traicion
Translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason
Elva Macias, Comi los frutos elegidos
Translated by Kimberly Gooden, I Ate the Fruits Chosen by the Wind
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Alastair Reid on Writing, Translating Neruda
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SPANISH POETRY
30 RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE
Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face
Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger - moaned for Drink
SENTIMENTALITY
Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment
William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark
RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Robert Hayden, The Whipping
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
Langston Hughes, I, Too
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
Dylan Thomas, In My Craft or Sullen Art
Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing, A Long Poem Does Not Exist
THINKING ABOUT EVALUATING A POEM
CHECKLIST: Writing an Evaluation
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATING A POEM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
31 WHAT IS POETRY?
SOME DEFINITIONS OF POETRY Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Jose Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic
32 THREE CRITICAL CASEBOOKS Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost
EMILY DICKINSON
Success is counted sweetest
I taste a liquor never brewed
Wild Nights - Wild Nights!
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
I'm Nobody! Who are you?
The Soul selects her own Society
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
Much Madness is divinest Sense
This is my letter to the World
I heard a Fly buzz - when I died
I started Early - Took my Dog
Because I could not stop for Death
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
EMILY DICKINSON ON WRITING
Recognizing Poetry
Self-Description
CRITICS ON EMILY DICKINSON
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson
Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson's Manuscripts
Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of "Because I could not stop for Death")
Judith Farr, A Reading of "My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun"
LANGSTON HUGHES
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
The Negro
My People
Song for a Banjo Dance
Mother to Son
Song for a Dark Girl
Prayer
Luck
Theme for English B
Nightmare Boogie
Harlem [Dream Deferred]
Ballad of Booker T.
Homecoming
LANGSTON HUGHES ON WRITING
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain
The Harlem Renaissance
CRITICS ON LANGSTON HUGHES
Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist
Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, The Voices in Langston Hughes
Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes
Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and Jazz
Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of "Dream Deferred"
ROBERT FROST
Mowing
Mending Wall
After Apple-picking
The Road Not Taken
Birches
Design
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night
Desert Places
The Silken Tent
Home Burial
ROBERT FROST ON WRITING
The Sound of Sense
The Figure a Poem Makes
"There Are Two Types of Realist": An Interview with Robert Frost
CRITICS ON ROBERT FROST
Katherine Kearns, On "Mending Wall"
Ezra Pound, An Honest Writer
Rhina Espaillat, Translating Frost into Spanish
William H. Pritchard, from "Forms of Guardedness"
Dana Gioia, Robert Frost's Dramatic Narratives
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
33 CRITICAL CASEBOOK T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
PUBLISHING "PRUFROCK"
THE REVIEWERS ON PRUFROCK
Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement
Unsigned, Review from Literary World
Conrad Aiken, from "Divers Realists," The Dial
Babette Deutsch, from "Another Impressionist," The New Republic
Marianne Moore, from "A Note on T. S. Eliot's Book," Poetry
May Sinclair, from "Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism," The Little Review
T. S. ELIOT ON WRITING
Poetry and Emotion
The Objective Correlative
The Difficulty of Poetry
CRITICS ON "PRUFROCK"
Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets
Christopher Ricks, What's in a Name?
Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: "One," "You," and "I"
Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time?
Burton Raffel, "Indeterminacy" in Eliot's Poetry
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
34 POEMS FOR FURTHER READING
Julia Alvarez, By Accident
Anonymous (Scottish ballad), Lord Randall
Anonymous (Navajo chant), Last Words of the Prophet
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
John Ashbery, At North Farm
W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Spliced Wire
Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station
William Blake, The Sick Rose
Gwendolyn Brooks, the mother
Gwendolyn Brooks, the rites for Cousin Vit
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky
Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty
G.K. Chesterton, The Donkey
John Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Billy Collins, Care and Feeding
Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters
E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond
Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress
Michael Donaghy, Our Life Stories
John Donne, Death be not proud
John Donne, The Flea
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Seamus Heaney, Digging
William Ernest Henley, Invictus
George Herbert, Love
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Robinson Jeffers, Fire on the Hills
Ha Jin, Missed Time
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse
Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad
Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
Li-Young Lee, Out of Hiding
Denise Levertov, O Taste and See
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America
Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
David Mason, Ballade at 3 AM
Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Marianne Moore, Poetry
Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman
Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
Christina Rossetti, When I am dead, my dearest
Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
William Shakespeare, When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Charles Simic, Butcher Shop
Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry
Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill
Amy Uyematsu, Deliberate
Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes
Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose
Walt Whitman, from Song of the Open Road
Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astonomer
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne's-Lace
William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge
Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth
Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me seke
William Butler Yeats, He wishes for the Cloths of heaven
William Butler Yeats, The Magi
William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old
Drama
Talking with David Ives
35 READING A PLAY
INTERPRETING PLAYS THEATRICAL CONVENTIONS
ELEMENTS OF A PLAY
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
ANALYZING TRIFLES
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Susan Glaspell on Writing, Creating Trifles
THINKING ABOUT A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TRIFLES
Sample Student Paper, Outside Trifles
TERMS FOR REVIEW
36 MODES OF DRAMA Tragedy and Comedy
TRAGEDY
Christopher Marlowe, Scene from Doctor Faustus (Act x, Scene x)
COMEDY
Oscar Wilde, Scene from The Importance of Being Earnest (Act 1, Scene 1-Lady Bracknell Interviews Her Daughter's Suitor)
David Ives, Soap Opera
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
David Ives on Writing, On the One-Act Play
THINKING ABOUT COMEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Comedy
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT TRAGEDY
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT COMEDY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
37 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Sophocles
THE THEATER OF SOPHOCLES THE CIVIC ROLE OF GREEK DRAMA
ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPT OF TRAGEDY
SOPHOCLES
THE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS THE KING
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by David Grene)
THE BACKGROUND OF ANTIGONE
Sophocles, Antigone (Translated by David Grene)
CRITICS ON SOPHOCLES
Aristotle, Defining Tragedy
Sigmund Freud, The Destiny of Oedipus
A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles
David Wiles, The Chorus as Democrat
Jean Anouihl, Tragic Destiny
Patricia M. Lines, What Is Antigone's Tragic Flaw?
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Haigh on Writing, The Style of Sophocles
THINKING ABOUT GREEK TRAGEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Greek Drama
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOPHOCLES
TERMS FOR REVIEW
38 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Shakespeare
THE THEATER OF SHAKESPEARE
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
A NOTE ON OTHELLO
PICTURING OTHELLO
William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
THE BACKGROUND OF HAMLET
PICTURING HAMLET
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
THE BACKGROUND OF A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM
PICTURING A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
CRITICS ON SHAKESPEARE
Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare
W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain
Maud Bodkin, Lucifer in Shakespeare's Othello
Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello
A. C. Bradley, Hamlet's Melancholy
Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia
Edgar Allan Poe, Hamlet as a Fictional Character
Samuel Johnson, Shakespeare's Universality
Clare Asquith, Shakespeare's Language as a Hidden Political Code
Germaine Greer, Shakespeare's "Honest Mirth"
Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night's Dream
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ben Jonson on Writing, On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare
UNDERSTANDING SHAKESPEARE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Shakespeare
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SHAKESPEARE
Sample Student Paper, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?
39 THE MODERN THEATER
REALISM NATURALISM
SYMBOLISM AND EXPRESSIONISM
AMERICAN MODERNISM
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen)
Henrik Ibsen on Writing, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll's House
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams on Writing, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie
TRAGICOMEDY AND THE ABSURD
RETURN TO REALISM
EXPERIMENTAL DRAMA
Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer
Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Writing, Writing The Cuban Swimmer
DOCUMENTARY DRAMA
Anna Deavere Smith, Scenes from Twilight: Los Angeles
Anna Deavere Smith on Writing, On Documentary Theater
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT DRAMATIC REALISM
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Realist Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON REALISM
Sample Student Paper, Helmer vs. Helmer
TERMS FOR REVIEW
40 EVALUATING A PLAY
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
JUDGING A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATION
41 Plays for Further Reading
David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice David Henry Hwang on Writing, Multicultural Theater
Edward Bok Lee, El Santo Americano
Edward Bok Lee on Writing, On Being a Korean American Writer
Jane Martin, Pomp and Circumstance
Brighde Mullins, Click
Brighde Mullins on Writing, Advice for Young Playwrights
August Wilson, Fences
August Wilson on Writing, A Look into Black America
Writing
42 WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE
READ ACTIVELY
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
PLAN YOUR ESSAY
PREWRITING: GENERATE IDEAS AND ISSUES
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
DEVELOP YOUR ARGUMENT
STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT: RHETORICAL APPEALS
Logical Argumentation and Evidence
Emotional Argumentation
Credibility: Tone, Balance, and Organization
CHECKLIST: Developing an Argument
DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT
Sample Student Paper, Rough Draft
REVISE YOUR ARGUMENT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
FINAL ADVICE ON REWRITING
SAMPLE STUDENT ARGUMENT PAPER
Sample Student Paper, Argument
DOCUMENT SOURCES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
THE FORM OF YOUR FINISHED PAPER
SPELL-CHECK AND GRAMMAR-CHECK PROGRAMS
Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers
43 WRITING ABOUT A STORY
READ ACTIVELY THINK ABOUT THE STORY
PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT
CHECKLIST: Drafting Your Argument
REVISE YOUR DRAFT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
WHAT'S YOUR PURPOSE? COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT FICTION
Explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
Analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
The Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
Comparison and Contrast
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
Response Paper
Sample Student Response Paper
TOPICS FOR WRITING
44 WRITING ABOUT A POEM
READ ACTIVELY Robert Frost, Design
THINK ABOUT THE POEM
PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT
CHECKLIST: Drafting your Argument
REVISE YOUR DRAFT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Draft
COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT POETRY
Explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
A Critic's Explication of Frost's "Design"
Analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
HOW TO QUOTE A POEM
TOPICS FOR WRITING
Robert Frost, In White
45 WRITING ABOUT A PLAY
READ CRITICALLY
COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
Explication
Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
A Drama Review
Sample Student Drama Review
HOW TO QUOTE A PLAY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
46 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
BROWSE THE RESEARCH CHOOSE A TOPIC
BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH
Reliable Web Sources
Print Resources
Online Databases
CHECKLIST: Finding Reliable Sources
Visual Images
CHECKLIST: Using Visual Images
EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
Trustworthy Resources Build Your Paper's Credibility
CHECKLIST: Evaluating Your Sources
ORGANIZE YOUR RESEARCH
CREATE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFINE YOUR THESIS
ORGANIZE YOUR PAPER
WRITE AND REVISE
MAINTAIN ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
What Is Plagiarism?
Papers for Sale Are Papers that "Fail"
A Warning Against Internet Plagiarism
ACKNOWLEDGE ALL SOURCES
Using Quotations
Citing Ideas
DOCUMENT SOURCES USING MLA STYLE
List of Sources
Parenthetical References
Works-Cited List
Citing Print Sources in MLA Style
Citing Web Sources in MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited
ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES
Adding Footnotes
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
WRITING ASSIGNMENT FOR A RESEARCH PAPER
Sample Student Research Paper
Sample Student Research Paper
Reference Guide for mla Citations
47 WRITING AS DISCOVERY Keeping a Journal
THE REWARDS OF KEEPING A JOURNAL
Sample Journal Entry
Sample Student Journal
48 WRITING AN ESSAY EXAM
CHECKLIST: Taking an Essay Exam
49 CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE
FORMALIST CRITICISM
Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic
Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in "Sonny's Blues"
BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop's "One Art"
Emily Toth, The Source for Alcee Laballiere in "The Storm"
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Hugh Kenner, Imagism
Seamus Deane, Joyce's Vision of Dublin
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams
Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in "The Tell-Tale Heart"
MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Carl Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes
Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form
Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in "The Rocking-Horse Winner"
GENDER CRITICISM
Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The Metamorphosis
Richard R. Bozorth, "Tell Me the Truth About Love"
READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
Stanley Fish, An Eskimo "A Rose for Emily"
Robert Scholes, "How Do We Make a Poem?"
CULTURAL STUDIES
Mark Bauerlein, What Is Cultural Studies?
Camille Paglia, A Reading of William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper"
TERMS FOR REVIEW
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms