Discovery

Detailed Contents

Preface

About the Authors



PART 1

The Elements of Effective Writing



The Faces of Discovery 2



CHAPTER 1 Understanding the Writing Process

Overview: Discovery through Writing

The Stages of the Writing Process

The Dynamics of Writing

Your Reader

The Purpose behind Your Writing

The Relationship between Writing and Reading

Spotlight Piece Process, Dynamics, and Purpose

Understanding the Subject through Writing

RECAP Understanding the Writing Process



CHAPTER 2 Prewriting: Developing Ideas

Overview: Prewriting

Freewriting

Brainstorming

Clustering

Branching

Idea Mapping

Journal Writing

The Response Journal

Prewriting That's Right for You

Writing Rituals

Check-in Time

Spotlight Piece Development of Prewriting

Ideas

Understanding the Subject through Writing

RECAP Prewriting: Developing Ideas



CHAPTER 3 Composing: Creating Topic Sentences and Supporting Sentences

Overview: Composing

The Paragraph

Topic Focus

Topic Sentence Development

Clear and Specific Topic Sentences

Effective Placement of Topic Sentences

Supporting Ideas

Effective Arrangement of Details and Examples

Writer-Centered Words; Reader-Centered Sentences

The Complete First-Draft Paragraph

Spotlight Piece The Complete First-Draft Writing

Understanding the Subject through Writing

RECAP Composing: Creating Topic Sentences and Supporting Sentences



CHAPTER 4 Revising: Refining Your Draft

Overview: Revision

Reassessment

Redrafting

Editing

Journal Writing

Spotlight Piece A Sample Final Draft

Understanding the Subject through Writing

RECAP Revising: Refining Your Draft



CHAPTER 5 Moving from Paragraph to Essay

Overview: The Difference between a Paragraph and an Essay

Essay Structure

The Essay Writing Process

The Essay Writing Process: A Sample

Journal Writing

Spotlight Piece Considering a Final Draft

Understanding the Subject through Writing

RECAP Moving from Paragraph to Essay

ASSESSMENT 1



PART 2

Effective Sentences: Constructing Meaning

The Faces of Discovery



CHAPTER 6 Subjects and Verbs

Overview: Elements of a Complete Sentence

Action Verbs

Linking Verbs

Identifying Subjects

The Simple Subject versus the Complete Subject

Verb Phrases and Compound Verbs

Compound Subjects

Journal Writing

RECAP Subjects and Verbs



CHAPTER 7 Sentence Fragments

Overview: Complete Sentences

Fragments with Missing Verbs

Fragments with Missing Subjects

Phrase Fragments

Appositive Phrase Fragments

Subordinate Clause Fragments

Journal Writing

RECAP Sentence Fragments



CHAPTER 8 Subordination

Overview: Complex Sentences with Supporting Clauses

Simple and Complex Sentences

Subordinating Conjunctions

Relative Pronouns

Punctuation of Subordinate Clauses

Journal Writing

RECAP Subordination



CHAPTER 9 Coordination

Overview: Compound Sentences

Coordinating Conjunctions

Semicolons

Conjunctive Adverbs

Journal Writing

RECAP Coordination



CHAPTER 10 Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences

Overview: Sentence-Combining Errors

Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences

Correcting Comma Splices and Run-Ons with Coordinating Conjunctions

Semicolons

Subordinating Conjunctions

Periods

Journal Writing

RECAP Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences



ASSESSMENT 2 207



PART 3

Verbs: Conveying Action and Time

The Faces of Discovery



CHAPTER 11 Maintaining Subject-Verb Agreement

Overview: Subject-Verb Agreement

Agreement When the Subject Follows the Verb

Sentences Beginning with There and Here

Words That Separate Subjects and Verbs

Problems with Compound Subjects

Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns

Agreement with Collective Nouns, Singular Nouns Ending in -s, and Words Indicating Amounts

Journal Writing

RECAP Maintaining Subject-Verb Agreement



CHAPTER 12 Forming Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs

Overview: The Basic Tenses

The Present Tense

The Future Tense

The Past Tense

The Perfect Tenses

Journal Writing

RECAP Forming Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs



CHAPTER 13 Using Irregular Verbs Correctly

Overview: Verbs That Do Not Follow the Rules

A List of Irregular Verbs

Strategies for Mastering Irregular Verbs

Journal Writing

RECAP Using Irregular Verbs Correctly



CHAPTER 14 Using Passive Voice and Progressive Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense

Overview: Passive Voice and Progressive Tense

Understanding Active and Passive Voice

Progressive Tenses

Consistency in Tense

Journal Writing

RECAP Using Passive Voice and Progressive Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense



CHAPTER 15 Dealing with Additional Elements of Verb Use

Overview: Special Problems with Verbs

Can and Could

Will and Would

Forms of to Be

Journal Writing

RECAP Dealing with Additional Elements of Verb Use



ASSESSMENT 3



PART 4

Sentence Elements: Striving for Precision

The Faces of Discovery



CHAPTER 16 Working with Nouns

Overview: Words That Name

The Function and Form of Nouns

Singular Nouns Ending in -s and Collective Nouns

Cue Words That Identify Number

Journal Writing

RECAP Working with Nouns



CHAPTER 17 Using Pronouns: Considering Case, Clear Pronoun-Antecedent

Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage

Overview: The Correct Pronoun Choice

Pronoun Types

Pronoun Case

Agreement in Number

Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns

Errors in Agreement with Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives

The Role of Reflexive or Intensive Pronouns

Agreement in That, Who, and Which Clauses

Problems with Gender in Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Avoidance of Sexist Language

Journal Writing

RECAP Using Pronouns: Considering Case, Clear Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage



CHAPTER 18 Working with Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Modifiers Effectively

Overview: Building Precise Detail with Modifiers

The Positive Form of Adjectives and Adverbs

The Comparative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs

The Superlative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs

Irregular and Confusing Modifiers

Double Negatives

Problems with -ing Modifiers

Journal Writing

RECAP Using Modifiers



ASSESSMENT 4



PART 5

Consistency Workshop: Aiming for Correctness

The Faces of Discovery



CHAPTER 19 Maintaining Parallelism

Overview: Creating Balance in Writing

Keeping Individual Words in a Series Parallel

Keeping Phrases in a Series Parallel

Parallelism with Correlative Conjunctions

Journal Writing

RECAP Maintaining Parallelism 3



CHAPTER 20 Mastering Spelling

Overview: The Importance of Correct Spelling

Forming Plurals

Prefixes and Suffixes

Doubling the Final Consonant

Words with ie or ei Combinations

Confusing Endings and Incorrect Forms

Commonly Confused Words

Maintaining a Personal Spelling Dictionary

Journal Writing

RECAP Mastering Spelling



CHAPTER 21 Using Commas

Overview: When Commas Are Needed

Comma Function 1

To indicate a pause between two simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction

Comma Function 2

To separate items in a series

Comma Function 3

To separate an introductory phrase from the rest of the sentence

Comma Function 4

To set off an introductory subordinate clause

Comma Function 5

To set off word groups that would otherwise interrupt the flow of the sentence

Comma Function 6

To set off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence

Comma Function 7

To punctuate dates and addresses

Journal Writing

RECAP Using Commas



CHAPTER 22 Using Punctuation Properly

Overview: The Role of Punctuation

Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

Colons and Semicolons

Quotation Marks

Apostrophes

Journal Writing

RECAP Using Punctuation Properly



CHAPTER 23 Capitalizing Correctly

Overview: Proper Capitalization

When Words Should Be Capitalized

Journal Writing

RECAP Capitalizing Correctly



ASSESSMENT 5



PART 6

Discovering Connections through Reading

Overview: Active Reading Strategies

Taking Notes

Five Steps to Active Reading

Active Reading Illustrated

To Be an All-American Girl Elizabeth Wong

Education Malcolm X

Becoming a Writer Russell Baker

Complaining Maya Angelou

Baseball Annie Dillard

The Pleasures of the Text Charles McGrath

Remembering India Elsa "Chachi" Maldonado

"Forget the past. No one becomes successful in the past." Peter LeComte

Differences in Child Rearing in Russia and the United States Svetlana Melamedman

I Do Remember You Soledad A. Munoz-Vilugron

Moving to America Pranee Vincent

The Old Store Valeri L. Cappiello

Why Couldn't I Have Been Named Ashley? Imma Achilike



Appendix Tips for ESL Writers



Credits



Index