Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the non-cellular component present within all tissues and organs, and provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but also initiates crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues that are required for tissue remodeling. It is a highly dynamic 3D macromolecular structure comprising of collagens, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins that are constantly being remodeled either enzymatically or non-enzymatically and its molecular components are subjected to a myriad of post-translational modifications. Through these physical and biochemical characteristics the ECM is able to generate biochemical and mechanical properties of various organs such as its tensile and compressive strength, elasticity, and also mediates protection by a buffering action that maintains extracellular homeostasis and water retention.