Chemistry
The Molecules of Life
Published on 1. February 2017
Book
Paperback/Softback
624 pages
978-0-19-994617-4 (ISBN)
Description
Chemistry: The Molecules of Life emphasizes the fundamentals of chemistry to create a foundation of knowledge and connects the content to students' lives with relevant and contemporary examples. This text encourages students to develop problem-solving skills with practice exercises, worked examples, and support material. Chemistry: The Molecules of Life engages students from all majors with a wide range of pedagogical features and demonstrates
chemistry's relevance to everyday life.
Rather than presenting chemistry as an isolated discipline, Chemistry: The Molecules of Life emphasizes the importance of chemical knowledge for understanding the
molecular basis of life, which is relevant to students' health, environment, and everyday experiences. This contextual focus promotes scientific literacy and helps students develop the critical thinking skills needed to evaluate scientific information presented in the media and make informed decisions about their personal well-being.
chemistry's relevance to everyday life.
Rather than presenting chemistry as an isolated discipline, Chemistry: The Molecules of Life emphasizes the importance of chemical knowledge for understanding the
molecular basis of life, which is relevant to students' health, environment, and everyday experiences. This contextual focus promotes scientific literacy and helps students develop the critical thinking skills needed to evaluate scientific information presented in the media and make informed decisions about their personal well-being.
Reviews / Votes
? "Relevant, interesting, de-mystifyingEL This text teaches chemistry to non-science majors through the lens of health-related issues." - Tamara Hamilton, Barry University"This book takes a unique approach to non-majors chemistry instruction. It is well written and easy to read, and it shows students that chemistry is relevant to their daily lives."--Robert Billmers, Rutgers University
"This well-organized chemistry textbook covers the fundamentals of chemistry with a primary focus on biological molecules and health in students' daily lives. The authors should be applauded for their clear presentation of the fundamentals of chemistry."--Xiche Hu, University of Toledo
"This textbook is relevant, well organized, and designed to meet students' needs. The writing is clear, and the critical thinking and conceptual questions the book presents are excellent."--Maria Pacheco, Buffalo State College
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
New York
United States
Target group
College/higher education
Illustrations
Illustrations
ISBN-13
978-0-19-994617-4 (9780199946174)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Person
Trace Jordan is Director of Foundations of Scientific Inquiry in the College Core Curriculum at New York University. Neville Kallenbach is Professor of Chemistry at New York University.
Content
Preface CHAPTER 1 ANTIBIOTICS AND RESISTANCE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULES OF LIFE 1.1 Why Are Some Infections Resistant to Antibiotics? Learning Objective: Show the importance of understanding scientific information and biological molecules in everyday life
MRSA: An Antibiotic-Resistant Infection Why Study the Molecules of Life?
1.2 What is Science? Learning Objective: Describe the stages of the scientific method.
1.3 Antiseptics: Preventing Infections Learning Objective: Explain how the properties of ethanol enable it to function as an antiseptic.
1.4 Antibiotics: Treating Infections Learning Objective: Characterize the discovery and function of penicillin.
Discovery and Isolation of Penicillin What is the Molecular Structure of Penicillin? How Does Penicillin Work? 1.5 How Do Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics? Learning Objective: Outline the origin and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
The Origin and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance What Can Be Done about Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Antibiotic-Resistance Revisited CHAPTER 2 ELEMENTS OF LIFE AND DEATH: THE CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMS 2.1 Why Is There Iron in My Cereal? Learning Objective: Illustrate the importance of iron for human health.
2.2 Mixtures, Compounds, and Elements Learning Objective: Explain the organization of elements in the periodic table.
Properties of Matter
Classifying Matter
The Periodic Table 2.3 Atomic Structure Learning Objective: Describe the structure of atoms in terms of their subatomic particles. Scientific Notation and Scientific Units The Composition of Atoms Characterizing Atoms Relative Atomic Mass 2.4 Electrons in Atoms Learning Objective: Relate the electron configuration of an atom to its chemical properties. The Electron Shell Model Forming Ions The Quantum Mechanical Model 2.5 Elements of Life and Death
Learning Objective: Illustrate the beneficial and harmful roles of chemical elements in the human body. The Chemical Elements of Life Why Do We Need Calcium? Why Is Arsenic a Poison? Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring the Mass of Atoms
CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Why Is There Mercury in the Fish that We Eat? CHAPTER 3. CHEMICAL BONDING 3.1 Why Do We Need Air to Survive? Learning Objective: Explain why breathing air is necessary for human survival. 3.2 Covalent Bonding Learning Objective: Explain the formation of a covalent chemical bond. Forming a Covalent Bond by Sharing Electrons Quantum Mechanical Description of Covalent Bonding 3.3 Making Molecules Learning Objective: Apply the principles of chemical bonding and molecular structure. Electrons and Bonding Molecular Structure in Three Dimensions Molecular Models Representing Molecules 3.4 Molecules with Double and Triple Bonds Learning Objective: Describe double and triple covalent bonds in molecules. Molecular Structures of Oxygen and Nitrogen Gases Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide 3.5 Beyond the Octet Rule Learning Objective: Illustrate violations of the octet rule. Radicals Expanded Valence 3.6 Ionic Bonding Learning Objective: Explain the formation of ionic compounds. The Ionic Composition of Table Salt A Variety of Ions Ionic Compounds Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR LIFE: Three-Dimensional Perspective in Chemistry and Art SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Nitric Oxide Is a Chemical Messenger CHAPTER 4 CARBON: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE 4.1 What is the Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Learning Objective: Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. 4.2 Why is Life Based on Carbon? Learning Objective: Describe the unique chemical properties of carbon. 4.3 Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with Single Bonds Learning Objective: Characterize the bonding and structure of alkane hydrocarbons. What Are Hydrocarbons? Methane Ethane Naming Hydrocarbons Propane Butane and Structural Isomers Drawing Hydrocarbons 4.4 Alkenes: Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds Learning Objective: Characterize the bonding and structure of alkene hydrocarbons. The Planar Structure of Ethene Isomerization in Alkenes 4.5 The Chemistry of Fats Learning Objective: Compare and contrast saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats. What Are Fats? Saturated and Unsaturated Fats Trans Fats 4.6 Cyclic Hydrocarbons Learning Objective: Characterize the bonding and structure of cyclic hydrocarbons. Cyclohexane Benzene Cholesterol Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH Omega-3 Fatty Acids SCIENCE IN ACTION: How Do We Know the Structures of Molecules? CHAPTER 5 MOLECULAR DIVERSITY 5.1 What Do Drug Molecules Look Like?
Learning Objective: Explain the role of functional groups in molecular structure. 5.2 Functional Groups Containing Oxygen Atoms Learning Objective: Illustrate functional groups containing oxygen atoms. Alcohol Ether Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester A Summary of Functional Groups Containing Oxygen Atoms 5.3 Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen Atoms Learning Objective: Illustrate functional groups containing nitrogen atoms. 5.4 Functional Groups in Complex Molecules Learning Objective: Identify a variety of functional groups in complex molecules. 5.5 Functional Groups Containing Sulfur or Phosphorus Atoms Learning Objective: Illustrate functional groups containing sulfur or phosphorus atoms. 5.6 Heterocycles Learning Objective: Illustrate molecules containing heterocycles. Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: How Does Your Body Metabolize Alcohol? CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Chemical Signaling in the Brain SCIENCE IN ACTION: Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics CHAPTER 6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 6.1 What Happens When You "Burn Carbs" at the Gym? Learning Objective: Relate a combustion reaction to "burning" carbs during exercise. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Produce Changes in Matter Learning Objective: Describe chemical reactions using balanced chemical equations. Chemical Reactions Change Reactants into Products Chemical Equations Represent Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry: Measuring Reactants and Products 6.3 Measuring Matter: Mass and Moles Learning Objective: Use the mole as a unit of measurement for chemical quantities. What Is a Mole, and Why Do We Use It? Molar Mass of Atoms Chemical Calculations for Atoms Molar Mass of Molecules Chemical Calculations for Molecules Burning Carbs (Part 1): Changes in Matter 6.4 Chemical Reactions Produce Changes in Energy Learning Objective: Relate the energy produced by a reaction to the chemical bonds in the reactants and products. What Is Energy? Making and Breaking Covalent Bonds Energy Changes during Chemical Reactions Burning Carbs (Part 2): Changes in Energy 6.5 Biochemical Reactions: The Basis for Life Learning Objective: Explain how cells use glucose to generate energy. Burning Carbs (Part 3): Cellular Respiration Exercise and Chemical Reactions Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Antoine Lavoisier and the Origin of Modern Chemistry CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning CHAPTER 7 MONOMERS AND POLYMERS 7.1 What is the Difference Between Simple and Complex Carbs? Learning Objective: Distinguish between simple and complex carbohydrates. 7.2 Synthetic Polymers Learning Objective: Illustrate examples of monomers and polymers. Monomers and Polymers Polyethylene Polyesters and Polyamides 7.3 Carbohydrates: Sugars as Monomers and Polymers Learning Objective: Relate the principles of monomers and polymers to various sugars. Glucose: A Monosaccharide Sucrose and Lactose: Two Important Disaccharides Starch: A Polysaccharide Blood Sugar and Glycemic Index Cellulose: A Polysaccharide We Cannot Digest Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring the Sizes of Polymers CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Insulin and Diabetes CHAPTER 8 THE UNUSUAL NATURE OF WATER 8.1 Why Is Water Essential for Life? Learning Objective: Characterize the ways in which water's properties sustain life on Earth 8.2 Chemical Bonding in H2O Learning Objective: Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. H2O: A Review of Bonding and Structure Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Electronegativity: Attracting a Shared Electron Pair H2O Is a Strongly Polar Molecule 8.3 From H2O Molecules to Liquid Water Learning Objective: Explain why H2O is a liquid at room temperature. Hydrogen Bonding Between H2O Molecules Molecular Organization of Ice, Water, and Vapor 8.4 The Unusual Properties of Water Learning Objective: Illustrate how water's unusual properties are related to hydrogen bonding. Liquid Water Is Denser than Solid Ice Water Has an Unusually High Boiling Point Water Has a Large Capacity for Absorbing Heat Energy Boiling Water Requires a Large Input of Energy Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Does Liquid Water Exist on Other Planets? CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Chemical and Biological Antifreeze CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Why Does Perspiring Make You Cooler? CHAPTER 9 MOLECULES AND IONS IN SOLUTION 9.1 How Do Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins Differ? Learning Objective: Distinguish between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. 9.2 Molecules in Solution Learning Objective: Analyze polar and nonpolar molecules to predict their solubilities in different solvents. What Is a Solution? Nonpolar Molecules in Water The Hydrophobic Effect Polar Molecules in Water Nonpolar Solvents Comparing Solubilities in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins 9.3 Molecular Self-Assembly Learning Objective: Apply solubility principles to illustrate examples of molecular self-assembly. Self-Assembly of Detergents Self-Assembly of Cell Membranes 9.4 Ions in Solution Learning Objective: Characterize the solubility of ions and ionic compounds. Ions in Aqueous Solution Solubility of Ionic Compounds Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes Features CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Why Do Chili Peppers Taste Hot? SCIENCE IN ACTION: Using Solubility Principles for Drug Discovery CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Electrolyte Imbalance CHAPTER 10 MEASURING CONCENTRATION 10.1 Why Can Drinking Too Much Water be Harmful? Learning Objective: Explain the importance of maintaining an appropriate concentration of sodium ions in the blood. 10.2 Measuring Concentration Learning Objective: Use various measurements and units of concentration. What is Concentration? Measuring Concentration-Percent by Volume or Mass Measuring Concentration-Parts per Million or Billion Measuring Concentration-Molarity Diluting a Concentrated Solution 10.3 Biological Applications of Concentration Learning Objective: Relate concentration to osmosis and hyponatremia. Osmosis: The Flow of Water Across a Membrane Why Is Hyponatremia Harmful? Changing Concentrations Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring Unknown Concentrations Using Light CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: How Much Salt Should We Eat? CHAPTER 11 ACIDS AND BASES 11.1 What Causes Acid Reflux Disease? Learning Objective: Explain the origin of acid reflux disease. 11.2 What Are Acids and Bases? Learning Objective: Apply the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. Examples of Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases Acid-Base Neutralization 11.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Learning Objective: Compare and contrast strong and weak acids and bases. 11.4 Measuring Acidity: The pH Scale Learning Objective: Use pH as a measurement of acidity. Ionization of Pure Water Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions Defining the pH Scale 11.5 Biological Applications of Acid-Base Chemistry Learning Objective: Illustrate two biological applications of acid-base chemistry. Origin and Treatment of Acid Reflux Disease Blood as a Buffer System Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: What Is "Freebase" Cocaine? SCIENCE IN ACTION: Don't Try This at Home: Discovering the Cause of Stomach Ulcers CHAPTER 12 DNA-THE MOLECULE OF HEREDITY 12.1 How Was the DNA Double Helix Discovered? Learning Objective: Explain why the DNA double helix was an important scientific discovery. 12.2 Nucleotides-The Building Blocks of DNA Learning Objective: Analyze the structures of nucleotides and polynucleotides. Molecular Structure of a Nucleotide The Four Varieties of DNA Bases Making a Polynucleotide Chain 12.3 Discovering the Double Helix Learning Objective: Characterize the scientific methods and evidence that led to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Biology: DNA Is the Molecule of Heredity Chemistry: Building Molecular Models Physics: X-ray Diffraction Studies of Molecular Structures Constructing the DNA Double Helix 12.4 DNA Replication Learning Objective: Analyze the mechanism of DNA replication. 12.5 DNA Mutations and Cancer Learning Objective: Characterize the connections between DNA mutations and cancer. What Is Cancer? Ultraviolet Light and Skin Cancer Chemical Carcinogens Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: How Does DNA Replicate? CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Do Indoor Tanning Beds Increase the Risk of Skin Cancer? CHAPTER 13 FROM DNA TO PROTEINS 13.1 What Causes Sickle Cell Disease? Learning Objective: Identify the characteristics of sickle cell disease. 13.2 Overview: The Expression of Genetic Information Learning Objective: Outline the molecules and processes that are involved in the expression of genetic information. 13.3 Transcription Learning Objective: Characterize the stages of transcription. Comparing DNA and RNA Synthesizing mRNA 13.4 Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins Learning Objective: Describe the molecular properties of amino acids. Chemical Diversity of Amino Acids Amino Acids Are Chiral Molecules 13.5 Translation Learning Objective: Outline the stages by which mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Translation and the Genetic Code The Molecular Mechanism of Translation 13.6 Protein Structure Learning Objective: Illustrate the formation of a polypeptide chain and its structural properties within proteins. Making a Polypeptide Four Levels of Protein Structure 13.7 The Molecular Origin of Sickle Cell Disease Learning Objective: Outline the molecular origin of sickle cell disease. Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: How Did Scientists Crack the Genetic Code? CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Human Insulin for Diabetes Therapy CHAPTER 14 ENZYMES AS BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS 14.1 What Causes Lactose Intolerance? Learning Objective: Define lactose intolerance.
14.2 How Do Chemical Reactions Happen? Learning Objective: Characterize the changes that occur during a chemical reaction. An Energy Barrier for Chemical Reactions A Chemical Reaction Pathway 14.3 How Does a Catalyst Work? Learning Objective: Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction. What is a Catalyst? The Catalytic Converter 14.4 Structure and Function of Enzymes Learning Objective: Characterize the stages of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The Molecular Structure of Enzymes The Steps of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction How Does an Enzyme Recognize Its Substrate? 14.5 Lactose Intolerance: Genes, Enzymes, and Culture Learning Objective: Illustrate how human culture has influenced the ability to digest lactose. The Catalytic Activity of Lactase The Chemistry of Lactose Intolerance The Evolutionary Origins of Lactase Persistence Features CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Why Does Hydrogen Peroxide Bubble When You Put It on a Cut? SCIENCE IN ACTION: Using the Transition State to Design a Drug CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: What Happens When Enzymes Don't Work? CHAPTER 15 DRUG DEVELOPMENT 15.1 Why Are Antibiotic-Resistant Infections Increasing? Learning Objective: Use tuberculosis as an example of an antibiotic-resistant disease. 15.2 Bacterial Cells Learning Objective: Describe the size and composition of bacterial cells. The Cell Is the "Unit of Life" How Small Are Cells? The Composition of a Bacterial Cell 15.3 How Do Antibiotics Work? Learning Objective: Illustrate how antibiotics use different cellular targets to prevent the growth of bacterial cells. Antibiotics Prevent the Growth of Bacterial Cells Cellular Targets for Antibiotics Antibiotic Target: Constructing the Cell Wall Antibiotic Target: Replicating DNA Antibiotic Target: Making Proteins 15.4 How Do Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics? Learning Objective: Illustrate the strategies used by bacteria to neutralize the effects of antibiotics. Bacteria Fight Back: Strategies of Antibiotic Resistance Use and Abuse of Antibiotics 15.5 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Learning Objective: Outline the relationship between the development of new antibiotics and the rise of antibiotic resistance. 15.6 How Are New Drugs Tested and Approved? Learning Objective: Outline the stages that are required to develop and evaluate a new pharmaceutical. How Do We Know That the Drugs We Take Are Safe and Effective? The Stages of Drug Development and Approval Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Studying Cells with Microscopes CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: How Do Bacteria Keep Us Healthy? CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Why Can a Popular Painkiller Make You Sick? Appendix A Scientific Notation and Units Appendix B Significant Figures Appendix C Logarithms and the pH Scale Appendix D Answers to Try It Yourself and Practice Exercises Appendix E Answers to Selected Learning Resources (End-of-Chapter Questions)
Glossary
Credits
Index
MRSA: An Antibiotic-Resistant Infection Why Study the Molecules of Life?
1.2 What is Science? Learning Objective: Describe the stages of the scientific method.
1.3 Antiseptics: Preventing Infections Learning Objective: Explain how the properties of ethanol enable it to function as an antiseptic.
1.4 Antibiotics: Treating Infections Learning Objective: Characterize the discovery and function of penicillin.
Discovery and Isolation of Penicillin What is the Molecular Structure of Penicillin? How Does Penicillin Work? 1.5 How Do Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics? Learning Objective: Outline the origin and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
The Origin and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance What Can Be Done about Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Antibiotic-Resistance Revisited CHAPTER 2 ELEMENTS OF LIFE AND DEATH: THE CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMS 2.1 Why Is There Iron in My Cereal? Learning Objective: Illustrate the importance of iron for human health.
2.2 Mixtures, Compounds, and Elements Learning Objective: Explain the organization of elements in the periodic table.
Properties of Matter
Classifying Matter
The Periodic Table 2.3 Atomic Structure Learning Objective: Describe the structure of atoms in terms of their subatomic particles. Scientific Notation and Scientific Units The Composition of Atoms Characterizing Atoms Relative Atomic Mass 2.4 Electrons in Atoms Learning Objective: Relate the electron configuration of an atom to its chemical properties. The Electron Shell Model Forming Ions The Quantum Mechanical Model 2.5 Elements of Life and Death
Learning Objective: Illustrate the beneficial and harmful roles of chemical elements in the human body. The Chemical Elements of Life Why Do We Need Calcium? Why Is Arsenic a Poison? Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring the Mass of Atoms
CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Why Is There Mercury in the Fish that We Eat? CHAPTER 3. CHEMICAL BONDING 3.1 Why Do We Need Air to Survive? Learning Objective: Explain why breathing air is necessary for human survival. 3.2 Covalent Bonding Learning Objective: Explain the formation of a covalent chemical bond. Forming a Covalent Bond by Sharing Electrons Quantum Mechanical Description of Covalent Bonding 3.3 Making Molecules Learning Objective: Apply the principles of chemical bonding and molecular structure. Electrons and Bonding Molecular Structure in Three Dimensions Molecular Models Representing Molecules 3.4 Molecules with Double and Triple Bonds Learning Objective: Describe double and triple covalent bonds in molecules. Molecular Structures of Oxygen and Nitrogen Gases Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide 3.5 Beyond the Octet Rule Learning Objective: Illustrate violations of the octet rule. Radicals Expanded Valence 3.6 Ionic Bonding Learning Objective: Explain the formation of ionic compounds. The Ionic Composition of Table Salt A Variety of Ions Ionic Compounds Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR LIFE: Three-Dimensional Perspective in Chemistry and Art SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Nitric Oxide Is a Chemical Messenger CHAPTER 4 CARBON: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE 4.1 What is the Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Learning Objective: Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. 4.2 Why is Life Based on Carbon? Learning Objective: Describe the unique chemical properties of carbon. 4.3 Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with Single Bonds Learning Objective: Characterize the bonding and structure of alkane hydrocarbons. What Are Hydrocarbons? Methane Ethane Naming Hydrocarbons Propane Butane and Structural Isomers Drawing Hydrocarbons 4.4 Alkenes: Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds Learning Objective: Characterize the bonding and structure of alkene hydrocarbons. The Planar Structure of Ethene Isomerization in Alkenes 4.5 The Chemistry of Fats Learning Objective: Compare and contrast saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats. What Are Fats? Saturated and Unsaturated Fats Trans Fats 4.6 Cyclic Hydrocarbons Learning Objective: Characterize the bonding and structure of cyclic hydrocarbons. Cyclohexane Benzene Cholesterol Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH Omega-3 Fatty Acids SCIENCE IN ACTION: How Do We Know the Structures of Molecules? CHAPTER 5 MOLECULAR DIVERSITY 5.1 What Do Drug Molecules Look Like?
Learning Objective: Explain the role of functional groups in molecular structure. 5.2 Functional Groups Containing Oxygen Atoms Learning Objective: Illustrate functional groups containing oxygen atoms. Alcohol Ether Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester A Summary of Functional Groups Containing Oxygen Atoms 5.3 Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen Atoms Learning Objective: Illustrate functional groups containing nitrogen atoms. 5.4 Functional Groups in Complex Molecules Learning Objective: Identify a variety of functional groups in complex molecules. 5.5 Functional Groups Containing Sulfur or Phosphorus Atoms Learning Objective: Illustrate functional groups containing sulfur or phosphorus atoms. 5.6 Heterocycles Learning Objective: Illustrate molecules containing heterocycles. Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: How Does Your Body Metabolize Alcohol? CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Chemical Signaling in the Brain SCIENCE IN ACTION: Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics CHAPTER 6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 6.1 What Happens When You "Burn Carbs" at the Gym? Learning Objective: Relate a combustion reaction to "burning" carbs during exercise. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Produce Changes in Matter Learning Objective: Describe chemical reactions using balanced chemical equations. Chemical Reactions Change Reactants into Products Chemical Equations Represent Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry: Measuring Reactants and Products 6.3 Measuring Matter: Mass and Moles Learning Objective: Use the mole as a unit of measurement for chemical quantities. What Is a Mole, and Why Do We Use It? Molar Mass of Atoms Chemical Calculations for Atoms Molar Mass of Molecules Chemical Calculations for Molecules Burning Carbs (Part 1): Changes in Matter 6.4 Chemical Reactions Produce Changes in Energy Learning Objective: Relate the energy produced by a reaction to the chemical bonds in the reactants and products. What Is Energy? Making and Breaking Covalent Bonds Energy Changes during Chemical Reactions Burning Carbs (Part 2): Changes in Energy 6.5 Biochemical Reactions: The Basis for Life Learning Objective: Explain how cells use glucose to generate energy. Burning Carbs (Part 3): Cellular Respiration Exercise and Chemical Reactions Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Antoine Lavoisier and the Origin of Modern Chemistry CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning CHAPTER 7 MONOMERS AND POLYMERS 7.1 What is the Difference Between Simple and Complex Carbs? Learning Objective: Distinguish between simple and complex carbohydrates. 7.2 Synthetic Polymers Learning Objective: Illustrate examples of monomers and polymers. Monomers and Polymers Polyethylene Polyesters and Polyamides 7.3 Carbohydrates: Sugars as Monomers and Polymers Learning Objective: Relate the principles of monomers and polymers to various sugars. Glucose: A Monosaccharide Sucrose and Lactose: Two Important Disaccharides Starch: A Polysaccharide Blood Sugar and Glycemic Index Cellulose: A Polysaccharide We Cannot Digest Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring the Sizes of Polymers CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Insulin and Diabetes CHAPTER 8 THE UNUSUAL NATURE OF WATER 8.1 Why Is Water Essential for Life? Learning Objective: Characterize the ways in which water's properties sustain life on Earth 8.2 Chemical Bonding in H2O Learning Objective: Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. H2O: A Review of Bonding and Structure Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Electronegativity: Attracting a Shared Electron Pair H2O Is a Strongly Polar Molecule 8.3 From H2O Molecules to Liquid Water Learning Objective: Explain why H2O is a liquid at room temperature. Hydrogen Bonding Between H2O Molecules Molecular Organization of Ice, Water, and Vapor 8.4 The Unusual Properties of Water Learning Objective: Illustrate how water's unusual properties are related to hydrogen bonding. Liquid Water Is Denser than Solid Ice Water Has an Unusually High Boiling Point Water Has a Large Capacity for Absorbing Heat Energy Boiling Water Requires a Large Input of Energy Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Does Liquid Water Exist on Other Planets? CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Chemical and Biological Antifreeze CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Why Does Perspiring Make You Cooler? CHAPTER 9 MOLECULES AND IONS IN SOLUTION 9.1 How Do Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins Differ? Learning Objective: Distinguish between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. 9.2 Molecules in Solution Learning Objective: Analyze polar and nonpolar molecules to predict their solubilities in different solvents. What Is a Solution? Nonpolar Molecules in Water The Hydrophobic Effect Polar Molecules in Water Nonpolar Solvents Comparing Solubilities in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins 9.3 Molecular Self-Assembly Learning Objective: Apply solubility principles to illustrate examples of molecular self-assembly. Self-Assembly of Detergents Self-Assembly of Cell Membranes 9.4 Ions in Solution Learning Objective: Characterize the solubility of ions and ionic compounds. Ions in Aqueous Solution Solubility of Ionic Compounds Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes Features CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Why Do Chili Peppers Taste Hot? SCIENCE IN ACTION: Using Solubility Principles for Drug Discovery CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Electrolyte Imbalance CHAPTER 10 MEASURING CONCENTRATION 10.1 Why Can Drinking Too Much Water be Harmful? Learning Objective: Explain the importance of maintaining an appropriate concentration of sodium ions in the blood. 10.2 Measuring Concentration Learning Objective: Use various measurements and units of concentration. What is Concentration? Measuring Concentration-Percent by Volume or Mass Measuring Concentration-Parts per Million or Billion Measuring Concentration-Molarity Diluting a Concentrated Solution 10.3 Biological Applications of Concentration Learning Objective: Relate concentration to osmosis and hyponatremia. Osmosis: The Flow of Water Across a Membrane Why Is Hyponatremia Harmful? Changing Concentrations Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Measuring Unknown Concentrations Using Light CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: How Much Salt Should We Eat? CHAPTER 11 ACIDS AND BASES 11.1 What Causes Acid Reflux Disease? Learning Objective: Explain the origin of acid reflux disease. 11.2 What Are Acids and Bases? Learning Objective: Apply the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. Examples of Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases Acid-Base Neutralization 11.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Learning Objective: Compare and contrast strong and weak acids and bases. 11.4 Measuring Acidity: The pH Scale Learning Objective: Use pH as a measurement of acidity. Ionization of Pure Water Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions Defining the pH Scale 11.5 Biological Applications of Acid-Base Chemistry Learning Objective: Illustrate two biological applications of acid-base chemistry. Origin and Treatment of Acid Reflux Disease Blood as a Buffer System Features CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: What Is "Freebase" Cocaine? SCIENCE IN ACTION: Don't Try This at Home: Discovering the Cause of Stomach Ulcers CHAPTER 12 DNA-THE MOLECULE OF HEREDITY 12.1 How Was the DNA Double Helix Discovered? Learning Objective: Explain why the DNA double helix was an important scientific discovery. 12.2 Nucleotides-The Building Blocks of DNA Learning Objective: Analyze the structures of nucleotides and polynucleotides. Molecular Structure of a Nucleotide The Four Varieties of DNA Bases Making a Polynucleotide Chain 12.3 Discovering the Double Helix Learning Objective: Characterize the scientific methods and evidence that led to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Biology: DNA Is the Molecule of Heredity Chemistry: Building Molecular Models Physics: X-ray Diffraction Studies of Molecular Structures Constructing the DNA Double Helix 12.4 DNA Replication Learning Objective: Analyze the mechanism of DNA replication. 12.5 DNA Mutations and Cancer Learning Objective: Characterize the connections between DNA mutations and cancer. What Is Cancer? Ultraviolet Light and Skin Cancer Chemical Carcinogens Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: How Does DNA Replicate? CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Do Indoor Tanning Beds Increase the Risk of Skin Cancer? CHAPTER 13 FROM DNA TO PROTEINS 13.1 What Causes Sickle Cell Disease? Learning Objective: Identify the characteristics of sickle cell disease. 13.2 Overview: The Expression of Genetic Information Learning Objective: Outline the molecules and processes that are involved in the expression of genetic information. 13.3 Transcription Learning Objective: Characterize the stages of transcription. Comparing DNA and RNA Synthesizing mRNA 13.4 Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins Learning Objective: Describe the molecular properties of amino acids. Chemical Diversity of Amino Acids Amino Acids Are Chiral Molecules 13.5 Translation Learning Objective: Outline the stages by which mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Translation and the Genetic Code The Molecular Mechanism of Translation 13.6 Protein Structure Learning Objective: Illustrate the formation of a polypeptide chain and its structural properties within proteins. Making a Polypeptide Four Levels of Protein Structure 13.7 The Molecular Origin of Sickle Cell Disease Learning Objective: Outline the molecular origin of sickle cell disease. Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: How Did Scientists Crack the Genetic Code? CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: Human Insulin for Diabetes Therapy CHAPTER 14 ENZYMES AS BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS 14.1 What Causes Lactose Intolerance? Learning Objective: Define lactose intolerance.
14.2 How Do Chemical Reactions Happen? Learning Objective: Characterize the changes that occur during a chemical reaction. An Energy Barrier for Chemical Reactions A Chemical Reaction Pathway 14.3 How Does a Catalyst Work? Learning Objective: Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction. What is a Catalyst? The Catalytic Converter 14.4 Structure and Function of Enzymes Learning Objective: Characterize the stages of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The Molecular Structure of Enzymes The Steps of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction How Does an Enzyme Recognize Its Substrate? 14.5 Lactose Intolerance: Genes, Enzymes, and Culture Learning Objective: Illustrate how human culture has influenced the ability to digest lactose. The Catalytic Activity of Lactase The Chemistry of Lactose Intolerance The Evolutionary Origins of Lactase Persistence Features CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Why Does Hydrogen Peroxide Bubble When You Put It on a Cut? SCIENCE IN ACTION: Using the Transition State to Design a Drug CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: What Happens When Enzymes Don't Work? CHAPTER 15 DRUG DEVELOPMENT 15.1 Why Are Antibiotic-Resistant Infections Increasing? Learning Objective: Use tuberculosis as an example of an antibiotic-resistant disease. 15.2 Bacterial Cells Learning Objective: Describe the size and composition of bacterial cells. The Cell Is the "Unit of Life" How Small Are Cells? The Composition of a Bacterial Cell 15.3 How Do Antibiotics Work? Learning Objective: Illustrate how antibiotics use different cellular targets to prevent the growth of bacterial cells. Antibiotics Prevent the Growth of Bacterial Cells Cellular Targets for Antibiotics Antibiotic Target: Constructing the Cell Wall Antibiotic Target: Replicating DNA Antibiotic Target: Making Proteins 15.4 How Do Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics? Learning Objective: Illustrate the strategies used by bacteria to neutralize the effects of antibiotics. Bacteria Fight Back: Strategies of Antibiotic Resistance Use and Abuse of Antibiotics 15.5 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Learning Objective: Outline the relationship between the development of new antibiotics and the rise of antibiotic resistance. 15.6 How Are New Drugs Tested and Approved? Learning Objective: Outline the stages that are required to develop and evaluate a new pharmaceutical. How Do We Know That the Drugs We Take Are Safe and Effective? The Stages of Drug Development and Approval Features SCIENCE IN ACTION: Studying Cells with Microscopes CHEMISTRY AND YOUR HEALTH: How Do Bacteria Keep Us Healthy? CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE: Why Can a Popular Painkiller Make You Sick? Appendix A Scientific Notation and Units Appendix B Significant Figures Appendix C Logarithms and the pH Scale Appendix D Answers to Try It Yourself and Practice Exercises Appendix E Answers to Selected Learning Resources (End-of-Chapter Questions)
Glossary
Credits
Index