Fundamentals of Reasoning

1. Logic and Argument. 1.1. Logic Defined. 1.2. Statements. 1.3. Argument Defined. 1.4 Supplying Missing Parts: Enthymemes. 1.5. Good Arguments. Summary. Review Questions. Discussion Questions. 2. Good Argument, Deductive Validity and Inductive Strength. 2.1. Good Arguments. 2.2. Inferential Support: Does the Conclusion Follow? 2.3. Deductive Validity Defined. 2.4. Validity and Logical Form. 2.5. Truth, Validity, and Good Argument. Summary. Review Questions. Discussion Questions. 3. Categorical Logic Part I. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Categories and Reasoning. 3.3. The Four Categorical Forms. 3.4. Venn Diagrams. 3.5. The Traditional Square of Opposition. 3.6. The Modern Square of Opposition.. 3.7. The Operations. Review Questions. Discussion Questions. 4. Categorical Logic Part II. 4.1. Translating into Categorical Form. 4.2. Translating Guide. 4.3. The Categorical Syllogism. 4.4. Testing Validity with Venn Diagrams. 4.5. Special Cases for the Syllogism. Summary. Review Questions. Discussion Questions. 5. Truth-Functional Logic Part I. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2 Statements: Simple and Compound. 5.3. The Logical Operators. 5.4. The Symbols and Their Uses. 5.5. Grouping and the Scope of Operations. 5.6. Special Cases for Translation. 5.7. The Truth-Functions. 5.8. Constructing Truth Tables. Review Questions. 6. Truth Functional Logic Part II. 6.1. Truth Tables for Evaluating Arguments. 6.2 Indirect Truth Tables. 6.3. Tautologies, Contradictions, Equivalencies. Summary. Review Questions. 7. Formal Deduction. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. The Rules of Inference: Group I. 7.3. The Rules of Inference: Group II. 7.4. Equivalencies. Review Questions. 8. Inductive Logic. 8.1. Inductive Strength. 8.2 Inductive Generalization. 8.3. Casual Argument. 8.4. Argument from Analogy. Summary. Review Questions. 9. Informal Fallacies. 9.1 Appeal to Authority. 9.2 Appeal to the People. 9.3 Appeal to Force. 9.4 Appeal to Pity. 9.5 Appeal to Ignorance. 9.6 Ad Hominem. 9.7. False Cause. 9.8. Slippery Slope. 9.9. Either/Or Fallacy. 9.10. Equivocation. 9.11. Hasty Generalization. 9.12. Fallacy of Composition. 9.13. Fallacy of Division. 9.14. False Analogy. 9.15. Begging the Question. 9.16. Straw Man. 9.17. Red Herring. 9.18. Inconsistency. Summary. Review Questions. 10. Evaluating Extended Arguments. 10.1. A Procedure for Argument Evaluation. 10.2. Exposing Real Arguments. 10.3. Omitting, Rewriting, and Paraphrasing. 10.4. More on Enthymemes. 10.5. Examining Premises. 10.6 Sample Evaluations. Review Questions. Answers to Selected Exercises. Suggestions for Further Study.