Educational Research
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches
3rd Edition
Published on 26. February 2008
Book
Hardback
664 pages
978-1-4129-5456-3 (ISBN)
Description
Educational Research is a highly readable text that provides students with a clear and in-depth understanding of the different kinds of research-including technology-based-that are used in education today.
The text introduces students to the fundamental logic of empirical research and explores the sources of research ideas. Detailed descriptions guide students through the design and implementation of actual research studies with a balanced examination of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research, serving as one of the book's strongest features. While quantitative research strategies are covered extensively, the text also discusses various qualitative approaches such as ethnography, historical methods, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies.
The authors present detailed, step-by-step coverage of the key elements of research, including sampling techniques, ethical considerations, data collection methods, measurement, judging validity, experimental and non-experimental methods, descriptive and inferential statistics, qualitative data analysis, and report preparation.
The text introduces students to the fundamental logic of empirical research and explores the sources of research ideas. Detailed descriptions guide students through the design and implementation of actual research studies with a balanced examination of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research, serving as one of the book's strongest features. While quantitative research strategies are covered extensively, the text also discusses various qualitative approaches such as ethnography, historical methods, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies.
The authors present detailed, step-by-step coverage of the key elements of research, including sampling techniques, ethical considerations, data collection methods, measurement, judging validity, experimental and non-experimental methods, descriptive and inferential statistics, qualitative data analysis, and report preparation.
Reviews / Votes
"This is a superior book with many features that make for an excellent textbook...This text does an excellent job of defining the varying types of research and settles the question of whether qualitative or quantitative is superior for educational research by including mixed research models as a preferred model in some cases...I would recommend [this text] as a "must have" for anyone involved in research and program evaluation and one that an advising office should own." -- Anita L. Carter * NACADA * "This is an extensive, and generally thorough, treatment of research design and method. It will prove useful to anyone reading research literature relating to education, as well as those intending to conduct research projects of whatever scale. For what is essentially a reference book, it is surprisingly readable, though at over 600 pages it is perhaps on the large side for a reading on the bus." -- Pam Woolner "Comprehensive overview of Research Methodology." -- Chapman Frazier "This will be a great text and reference for my students." -- Tom Dobbins "I require this textbook for an introductory research methods graduate course. It really meets the needs of the students, as they find it comprehensive and easy to read, understand, and navigate." -- Gina CoffeeMore details
Edition
3rd Revised edition
Language
English
Place of publication
Thousand Oaks
United States
Target group
College/higher education
Edition type
Revised edition
Dimensions
Height: 254 mm
Width: 203 mm
ISBN-13
978-1-4129-5456-3 (9781412954563)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
New editions
Robert Burke Johnson | Larry B. Christensen
Educational Research
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches
Book
01/2011
4th Edition
SAGE Publications Inc
€138.16
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Persons
Burke Johnson is a professor in the Professional Studies Department at the University of South Alabama. His PhD is from the REMS (research, evaluation, measurement, and statistics) program in the College of Education at the University of Georgia. He also has graduate degrees in psychology, sociology, and public administration, which have provided him with a multidisciplinary perspective on research methodology. He was guest editor for a special issue of Research in the Schools focusing on mixed research (available online at www.msera.org/rits_131.htm) and completed a similar guest editorship for the American Behavioral Scientist. He was an associate editor of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. Burke is first author of Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches (Sage, 2014, 5th edition); second author of Research Methods, Design, and Analysis (Pearson, 2014, 12th edition); coeditor (with Sharlene Hesse-Biber) of The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Inquiry (2015); coeditor (with Paul Vogt) of Correlation and Regression Analysis (2012); and associate editor of The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2009).
Larry Christensen (PhD University of Southern Mississippi) is Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of South Alabama. Larry is the author of several successful textbooks and has published more than 60 journal articles.
Larry Christensen (PhD University of Southern Mississippi) is Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of South Alabama. Larry is the author of several successful textbooks and has published more than 60 journal articles.
Content
Preface
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Educational Research
Why Study Educational Research?
Areas of Educational Research
Examples of Educational Research
General Kinds of Research
Sources of Knowledge
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Generation
Objectives of Educational Research
Overview of Book
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
Characteristics of the Three Research Paradigms
Quantitative Research Methods. Experimental and Nonexperimental Research
Qualitative Research Methods
Mixed Research Methods
Our Research Typology
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
PART II. PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY
3. Reviewing the Literature and Developing Research Questions
Sources of Research Ideas
Ideas That Can't Be Resolved Through Empirical Research
Review of the Literature
Conducting the Literature Search
Feasibility of the Study
Statement of the Research Problem
Statement of the Purpose of the Study
Statement of Research Questions
Formulating Hypotheses
Consumer Use of the Literature
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
4. How to Write a Research Proposal
Framework of the Research Proposal
Strategies for Writing Each Section of the Research Proposal
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
5. Research Ethics
What Are Research Ethics?
Ethical Concerns
Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
Institutional Review Board
Ethical Issues in Electronic Research
Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH
6. Standardized Measurement and Assessment
Defining Measurement
Scales of Measurement
Assumptions Underlying Testing and Assessment
Identifying a Good Test or Assessment Procedure
Educational and Psychological Tests
Sources of Information about Tests
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
7. How to Construct a Questionnaire
What is a Questionnaire?
Principles of Questionnaire Construction
Putting it All Together
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
8. Methods of Data Collection
Tests
Questionnaires
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observation
Secondary Data (Existing Data)
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
9. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
Terminology Used in Sampling
Random Sampling Techniques
Nonrandom Sampling Techniques
Random Selection and Random Assignment
Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used
Sampling in Qualitative Research
Sampling in Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
10. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
Validity Issues in the Design of Quantitative Research
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Internal Validity
External Validity
Construct Validity
Research Validity (or "trustworthiness") in Qualitative Research
Research Validity (or "Legitimation") in Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD
11. Experimental Research
The Experiment
Experimental Research Settings
Independent Variable Manipulation
Control of Confounding Variables
Experimental Research Designs
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnote
12. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Designs
Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
Single-Case Experimental Designs
Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
13. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
Steps in Nonexperimental Research
Independent Variables in Nonexperimental Research
Simple Cases of Causal-Comparative and Correlational Research
Three Necessary Conditions for Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Applying the Three Necessary Conditions for Causation in Nonexperimental Research
Techniques of Control in Nonexperimental Research (i.e., How to Design Strong Nonexperimental Research)
Interlude (The Study of Causal Relationships in Epidemiology)
Time Dimension in Research
Classifying Nonexperimental Research Methods by Research Objective
Classifying Nonexperirnental Research by Time and Research Objective
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
14. Qualitative Research
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Case Study Research
Grounded Theory
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
15. Historical Research
What Is Historical Research?
Significance of Historical Research
Historical Research Methodology
Identification of the Research Topic and Formulation of the Research Problem or Question
Data Collection or Literature Review
How to Locate Historical Information
Evaluation of Historical Sources
Data Synthesis and Report Preparation
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
16. Mixed Research
The Research Continuum
Types of Mixed Research Designs
Stages of the Mixed Research Process
Limitations of Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
PART V. ANALYZING THE DATA
17. Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distributions
Graphic Representations of Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
Measures of Relative Standing
Examining Relationships among Variables
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
18. Inferential Statistics
Sampling Distributions
Estimation
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
19. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research
Interim Analysis
Memoing
Analysis of Visual Data
Data Entry and Storage
Segmenting, Coding, and Developing Category Systems
Enumeration
Creating Hierarchical Category Systems
Identifying Relationships Among Categories
Corroborating and Validating Results
Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis
Data Analysis in Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnote
PART V1. WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT
20. Preparation of the Research Report
General Principles Related to Writing the Research Report
Writing Quantitative Research Reports Using the APA Style
Writing Qualitative Research Reports
Writing Mixed Research Reports
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Educational Research
Why Study Educational Research?
Areas of Educational Research
Examples of Educational Research
General Kinds of Research
Sources of Knowledge
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Generation
Objectives of Educational Research
Overview of Book
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
Characteristics of the Three Research Paradigms
Quantitative Research Methods. Experimental and Nonexperimental Research
Qualitative Research Methods
Mixed Research Methods
Our Research Typology
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
PART II. PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY
3. Reviewing the Literature and Developing Research Questions
Sources of Research Ideas
Ideas That Can't Be Resolved Through Empirical Research
Review of the Literature
Conducting the Literature Search
Feasibility of the Study
Statement of the Research Problem
Statement of the Purpose of the Study
Statement of Research Questions
Formulating Hypotheses
Consumer Use of the Literature
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
4. How to Write a Research Proposal
Framework of the Research Proposal
Strategies for Writing Each Section of the Research Proposal
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
5. Research Ethics
What Are Research Ethics?
Ethical Concerns
Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
Institutional Review Board
Ethical Issues in Electronic Research
Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH
6. Standardized Measurement and Assessment
Defining Measurement
Scales of Measurement
Assumptions Underlying Testing and Assessment
Identifying a Good Test or Assessment Procedure
Educational and Psychological Tests
Sources of Information about Tests
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
7. How to Construct a Questionnaire
What is a Questionnaire?
Principles of Questionnaire Construction
Putting it All Together
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
8. Methods of Data Collection
Tests
Questionnaires
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observation
Secondary Data (Existing Data)
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
9. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
Terminology Used in Sampling
Random Sampling Techniques
Nonrandom Sampling Techniques
Random Selection and Random Assignment
Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used
Sampling in Qualitative Research
Sampling in Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
10. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
Validity Issues in the Design of Quantitative Research
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Internal Validity
External Validity
Construct Validity
Research Validity (or "trustworthiness") in Qualitative Research
Research Validity (or "Legitimation") in Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD
11. Experimental Research
The Experiment
Experimental Research Settings
Independent Variable Manipulation
Control of Confounding Variables
Experimental Research Designs
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnote
12. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Designs
Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
Single-Case Experimental Designs
Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
13. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
Steps in Nonexperimental Research
Independent Variables in Nonexperimental Research
Simple Cases of Causal-Comparative and Correlational Research
Three Necessary Conditions for Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Applying the Three Necessary Conditions for Causation in Nonexperimental Research
Techniques of Control in Nonexperimental Research (i.e., How to Design Strong Nonexperimental Research)
Interlude (The Study of Causal Relationships in Epidemiology)
Time Dimension in Research
Classifying Nonexperimental Research Methods by Research Objective
Classifying Nonexperirnental Research by Time and Research Objective
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
14. Qualitative Research
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Case Study Research
Grounded Theory
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
15. Historical Research
What Is Historical Research?
Significance of Historical Research
Historical Research Methodology
Identification of the Research Topic and Formulation of the Research Problem or Question
Data Collection or Literature Review
How to Locate Historical Information
Evaluation of Historical Sources
Data Synthesis and Report Preparation
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
16. Mixed Research
The Research Continuum
Types of Mixed Research Designs
Stages of the Mixed Research Process
Limitations of Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
PART V. ANALYZING THE DATA
17. Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distributions
Graphic Representations of Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
Measures of Relative Standing
Examining Relationships among Variables
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
18. Inferential Statistics
Sampling Distributions
Estimation
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
19. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research
Interim Analysis
Memoing
Analysis of Visual Data
Data Entry and Storage
Segmenting, Coding, and Developing Category Systems
Enumeration
Creating Hierarchical Category Systems
Identifying Relationships Among Categories
Corroborating and Validating Results
Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis
Data Analysis in Mixed Research
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Endnote
PART V1. WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT
20. Preparation of the Research Report
General Principles Related to Writing the Research Report
Writing Quantitative Research Reports Using the APA Style
Writing Qualitative Research Reports
Writing Mixed Research Reports
Discussion Questions
Research Exercises
Relevant Internet Sites
Recommended Reading
Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors