Hydrodynamics and Water Quality

Preface to the Second Edition xvii Foreword to the First Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi Acknowledgments for the First Edition xxiii Abbreviations xxv About the Companion Website xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Understanding Surface Waters 3 1.3 Modeling of Surface Waters 5 1.4 About This Book 8 2 Hydrodynamics 11 2.1 Hydrodynamic Processes 11 2.2 Governing Equations 23 2.3 Temperature 38 2.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling 47 3 Sediment Transport 73 3.1 Overview 73 3.2 Sediment Processes 77 3.3 Cohesive Sediment 85 3.4 Noncohesive Sediment 94 3.5 Sediment Bed 98 3.6 Wind Waves 102 3.7 Sediment Transport Modeling 119 4 Pathogens and Toxics 135 4.1 Overview 135 4.2 Pathogens 136 4.3 Toxic Substances 140 4.4 Fate and Transport Processes 146 4.5 Contaminant Modeling 150 5 Water Quality and Eutrophication 161 5.1 Overview 161 5.2 Algae 176 5.3 Organic Carbon 187 5.4 Phosphorus 190 5.5 Nitrogen 195 5.6 Dissolved Oxygen 203 5.7 Sediment Fluxes 211 5.8 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 227 5.9 Water Quality Modeling 243 6 External Sources and TMDL 273 6.1 Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources 273 6.2 Atmospheric Deposition 275 6.3 Groundwater 277 6.4 Watershed Processes and TMDL Development 279 7 Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analyses 285 7.1 Mathematical Models 285 7.1.1 Numerical Models 287 7.2 Statistical Analyses 292 7.3 Model Calibration and Verification 300 8 Rivers 307 8.1 Characteristics of Rivers 307 8.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Rivers 310 8.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Rivers 315 8.4 River Modeling 319 9 Lakes and Reservoirs 335 9.1 Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs 335 9.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Lakes 342 9.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Lakes 352 9.4 Lake Modeling 359 10 Estuaries and Coastal Waters 379 10.1 Introduction 379 10.2 Tidal Processes 382 10.3 Hydrodynamic Processes in Estuaries 389 10.4 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Estuaries 397 10.5 Estuarine and Coastal Modeling 402 11 Wetlands 421 11.1 Characteristics of Wetlands 421 11.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Wetlands 428 11.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Wetlands 439 11.4 Constructed Wetlands 454 11.5 Wetland Modeling 462 12 Risk Analysis 479 12.1 Extreme Value Theory 479 12.2 Environmental Risk Analysis 499 A Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code 531 A.1 Overview 531 A.2 Hydrodynamics 531 A.3 Sediment Transport 532 A.4 Toxic Chemical Transport and Fate 532 A.5 Water Quality and Eutrophication 532 A.6 Numerical Schemes 533 A.7 Documentation and Application Aids 533 B Conversion Factors 535 C Contents of Electronic Files 537 C.1 Channel Model 537 C.2 Blackstone River Model 537 C.3 St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon Model 537 C.4 Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model 538 C.5 Documentation and Utility Programs 538 D Introduction to EFDC_Explorer 539 D.1 Capabilities 539 D.2 New Features and Improvements 539 D.2.1 Sigma Zed Layering 539 D.2.2 Internal Wind-Wave Generation 540 D.2.3 Ice Submodel 541 D.2.4 Open Multiprocessing and Dynamic Memory Allocation 541 References 545 Index 577