An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Software Problem.- 1.1.1 Software Is Expensive.- 1.1.2 Late, Costly, and Unreliable.- 1.1.3 Problem of Change and Rework.- 1.2 Software Engineering Problem.- 1.2.1 The Problem of Scale.- 1.2.2 Cost, Schedule, and Quality.- 1.2.3 The Problem of Consistency.- 1.3 The Software Engineering Approach.- 1.3.1 Phased Development Process.- 1.3.2 Project Management and Metrics.- 1.4 Summary.- 1.5 Overview of the Book.- Exercises.- 2 Software Processes.- 2.1 Software Process.- 2.1.1 Processes, Projects, and Products.- 2.1.2 Component Software Processes.- 2.2 Characteristics of a Software Process.- 2.2.1 Predictability.- 2.2.2 Support Testability and Maintainability.- 2.2.3 Early Defect Removal and Defect Prevention.- 2.2.4 Process Improvement.- 2.3 Software Development Process.- 2.3.1 A Process Step Specification.- 2.3.2 Waterfall Model.- 2.3.3 Prototyping.- 2.3.4 Iterative Enhancement.- 2.3.5 The Spiral Model.- 2.4 Project Management Process.- 2.4.1 Phases of Management Process.- 2.4.2 Metrics, Measurement, and Models.- 2.5 Software Configuration Management Process.- 2.5.1 Configuration Identification.- 2.5.2 Change Control.- 2.5.3 Status Accounting and Auditing.- 2.6 Process Management Process.- 2.6.1 Building Estimation Models.- 2.6.2 Process Improvement and Maturity.- 2.7 Summary.- Exercises.- 3 Software Requirements Analysis and Specification.- 3.1 Software Requirements.- 3.1.1 Need for SRS.- 3.1.2 Requirement Process.- 3.2 Problem Analysis.- 3.2.1 Analysis Issues.- 3.2.2 Informal Approach.- 3.2.3 Structured Analysis.- 3.2.4 Object-Oriented Modeling.- 3.2.5 Other Modeling Approaches.- 3.2.6 Prototyping.- 3.3 Requirements Specification.- 3.3.1 Characteristics of an SRS.- 3.3.2 Components of an SRS.- 3.3.3 Specification Languages.- 3.3.4 Structure of a Requirements Document.- 3.4 Validation.- 3.4.1 Requirement Reviews.- 3.4.2 Other Methods.- 3.5 Metrics.- 3.5.1 Size Measures.- 3.5.2 Quality Metrics.- 3.6 Summary.- Exercises.- Case Study.- 4 Planning a Software Project.- 4.1 Cost Estimation.- 4.1.1 Uncertainties in Cost Estimation.- 4.1.2 Building Cost Estimation Models.- 4.1.3 On Size Estimation.- 4.1.4 COCOMO Model.- 4.1.5 An Example.- 4.2 Project Scheduling.- 4.2.1 Average Duration Estimation.- 4.2.2 Project Scheduling and Milestones.- 4.2.3 Example Continued.- 4.3 Staffing and Personnel Planning.- 4.3.1 Rayleigh Curve.- 4.3.2 Personnel Plan.- 4.3.3 Example Continued.- 4.3.4 Team Structure.- 4.4 Software Configuration Management Plans.- 4.5 Quality Assurance Plans.- 4.5.1 Verification and Validation (V&V).- 4.5.2 Inspections and Reviews.- 4.6 Project Monitoring Plans.- 4.6.1 Time Sheets.- 4.6.2 Reviews.- 4.6.3 Cost-Schedule-Milestone Graph.- 4.6.4 Earned Value Method.- 4.6.5 Unit Development Folder.- 4.7 Risk Management.- 4.7.1 Risk Management Overview.- 4.7.2 Risk Assessment.- 4.7.3 Risk Control.- 4.8 Summary.- Exercises.- Case Study Plan.- 5 Function-Oriented Design.- 5.1 Design Principles.- 5.1.1 Problem Partitioning and Hierarchy.- 5.1.2 Abstraction.- 5.1.3 Modularity.- 5.1.4 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies.- 5.2 Module-Level Concepts.- 5.2.1 Coupling.- 5.2.2 Cohesion.- 5.3 Design Notation and Specification.- 5.3.1 Structure Charts.- 5.3.2 Specification.- 5.4 Structured Design Methodology.- 5.4.1 Restate the Problem as a Data Flow Diagram.- 5.4.2 Identify the Most Abstract Input and Output Data Elements.- 5.4.3 First-Level Factoring.- 5.4.4 Factoring the Input, Output, and Transform Branches..- 5.4.5 Design Heuristics.- 5.4.6 Transaction Analysis.- 5.4.7 Discussion.- 5.5 Verification.- 5.5.1 Design Reviews.- 5.5.2 Automated Cross-Checking.- 5.6 Metrics.- 5.6.1 Network Metrics.- 5.6.2 Stability Metrics.- 5.6.3 Information Flow Metrics.- 5.7 Summary.- Exercises.- Case Study.- 6 Object-Oriented Design.- 6.1 OO Analysis and OO Design.- 6.2 Concepts.- 6.2.1 Classes and Objects.- 6.2.2 Relationships Among Objects.- 6.2.3 Inheritance and Polymorphism.- 6.2.4 Design Concepts.- 6.3 Design Notation and Specification.- 6.4 Design Methodology.- 6.4.1 Dynamic Modeling.- 6.4.2 Functional Modeling.- 6.4.3 Defining Internal Classes and Operations.- 6.4.4 Optimize and Package.- 6.4.5 Examples.- 6.5 Metrics.- 6.6 Summary.- Exercises.- Case Study.- 7 Detailed Design.- 7.1 Module Specifications.- 7.1.1 Specifying Functional Modules.- 7.1.2 Specifying Classes.- 7.2 Detailed Design.- 7.2.1 PDL.- 7.2.2 Logic/Algorithm Design.- 7.2.3 State Modeling of Classes.- 7.3 Verification.- 7.3.1 Design Walkthroughs.- 7.3.2 Critical Design Review.- 7.3.3 Consistency Checkers.- 7.4 Metrics.- 7.4.1 Cyclomatic Complexity.- 7.4.2 Data Bindings.- 7.4.3 Cohesion Metric.- 7.5 Summary.- Exercises.- 8 Coding.- 8.1 Programming Practice.- 8.1.1 Top-Down and Bottom-Up.- 8.1.2 Structured Programming.- 8.1.3 Information Hiding.- 8.1.4 Programming Style.- 8.1.5 Internal Documentation.- 8.1.6 Law of Demeter for OO Programs.- 8.2 Verification.- 8.2.1 Code Reading.- 8.2.2 Static Analysis.- 8.2.3 Symbolic Execution.- 8.2.4 Proving Correctness.- 8.2.5 Code Inspections or Reviews.- 8.2.6 Unit Testing.- 8.3 Metrics.- 8.3.1 Size Measures.- 8.3.2 Complexity Metrics.- 8.3.3 Style Metrics.- 8.4 Summary.- Exercises.- Case Study.- 9 Testing.- 9.1 Testing Fundamentals.- 9.1.1 Error, Fault, and Failure.- 9.1.2 Test Oracles.- 9.1.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches.- 9.1.4 Test Cases and Test Criteria.- 9.1.5 Psychology of Testing.- 9.2 Functional Testing.- 9.2.1 Equivalence Class Partitioning.- 9.2.2 Boundary Value Analysis.- 9.2.3 Cause-Effect Graphing.- 9.2.4 Special Cases.- 9.3 Structural Testing.- 9.3.1 Control Flow-Based Criteria.- 9.3.2 Data Flow-Based Testing.- 9.3.3 An Example.- 9.3.4 Mutation Testing.- 9.3.5 Test Case Generation and Tool Support.- 9.4 Testing Object-Oriented Programs.- 9.4.1 Issues in Testing Classes.- 9.4.2 State-Based Testing.- 9.4.3 Incremental Testing for Subclasses.- 9.5 Testing Process.- 9.5.1 Comparison of Different Techniques.- 9.5.2 Levels of Testing.- 9.5.3 Test Plan.- 9.5.4 Test Case Specifications.- 9.5.5 Test Case Execution and Analysis.- 9.6 Metrics-Reliability Estimation.- 9.6.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions.- 9.6.2 Musa's Basic Model.- 9.6.3 Failure Data and Parameter Estimation.- 9.6.4 Translating to Calendar Time.- 9.6.5 An Example.- 9.7 Summary.- Exercises.- Case Study.- References.