Practical Handbook on Image Processing for Scientific Applications

INTRODUCTION
From Drawings to Electronic Images
Examples of Scientific and Technical Applications
Measurement of Bubble Size Distributions
In Situ Concentration of Cells in Bioreactors
Fluorescence Measurements of Air-Water Gas Transfer
Thermography in Botany
Interferometric Measurements
Ocean Wind Waves
SAR Imaging
X-Ray Astronomy with ROSAT
High Precision Measurements of Robot Motion
Optical Surface Profiling
3-D Retina Imaging
Distribution of Chromosomes in Cell Nuclei
Particle Tracking Velocimetry
3-D Flow Tomography
Tools for Digital Image Processing
The Interdisciplinary Nature of Image Processing
Summary
TASKS
Concepts
Goals for Scientific and Technical Applications of Image Processing
Measuring Versus Recognizing
Signals and Uncertainty
Representation
Models
Hierarchy of Image Processing Tasks
From Objects to Images
Restoration and Reconstruction of Images
From Images to Features
From Features to Objects
I. FROM OBJECTS TO IMAGES
QUANTITATIVE VISUALIZATION
Task
Concepts
Types of Radiation
Radiometric Terms
Surface-Related Interactions of Radiation with Matter
Volume-Related Interactions of Radiation with Matter
Procedures
Illumination Techniques for Position and Size Measurements
Illumination Techniques for Depth Measurements
Illumination Techniques for Surface Orientation Measurements
Thermal Imaging
Imaging of Chemical Species
Imaging of Various Material Properties
Imaging of Motion and Flow
Advanced Reference Material
Classification of Light Radiation
Light Sources
Optical Properties
IMAGE FORMATION
Task
Concepts
Coordinate Systems
Geometrical Optics
Wave Optics
Radiometry of Imaging
Linear System Theory
Procedures
Planar 2-D Imaging
2-D Imaging: Surfaces in 3-D Space
3-D Imaging
Advanced Reference Material
Performance of Optical Systems
Optical Design Programs
IMAGING SENSORS
Task
Concepts
Types of Detectors
The Eye; Photometry
Detector Performance
Readout Techniques
Noise and Signal Distortion
Sensor Geometry
Analog Digital Conversion
Procedures
Testing Spectral Sensitivity
Testing Sensor Geometry Uniformity
Criteria for Sensor Selection
Advanced Reference Material
Standard Analog-Output Sensors
Digital-Output Sensors
Line Sensors
Hybrid Sensors
Sensors for Invisible Radiation
DIGITALIZATION AND QUANTIZATION
Task
Concepts
Sampling
Sampling Theorem in xt Space
Sampling and the Correspondence Problem
Sampling and Subpixel Accuracy
Digital Images
Quantization
Procedures
Sampling Strategies
Reconstruction from Samples
Standard Sampling
Measuring PSF and OTF
Measuring ADC Performance
Measuring Sampling Geometry
Advanced Reference Material
Frame Grabber
II. ENHANCING, RESTORING, AND RECONSTRUCTING IMAGES
PIXELS
Task
Concepts
Statistics
Homogeneous Point Operations
Inhomogeneous Point Operations
Point Operations with Multichannel Images
Procedures
Interactive Grayvalue Evaluation
Photometric Calibration
Color Conversion
Multichannel Image Calibration
Windowing
Test Patterns
Noise Generation
Advanced Reference Material
GEOMETRY
Task
Concepts
Geometric Transformations
Interpolation
Procedures
Geometric Calibration
Image Rotation
Affine Transformation
Correction of Geometric Distortion
General Warping
Advanced Reference Material
RESTORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION
Task
Concepts
Types of Distortion
Radon Transformation and Fourier Slice Theorem
Inverse Filtering
Model-based Restoration
Procedures
TRANSMISSION, STORAGE, DATA BASES
Task
Concepts
Redundancy and Information
Global Transforms
Lossless Coding
Lossy Coding
Procedures
Compression of Image Data
Image Transmission
Image Data Bases
Advanced Reference Material
Analog Video Recording
Digital Video Recording
Common Image Formats
III. FROM IMAGES TO FEATURES
NEIGHBORHOODS
Task
Concepts
General Definitions
Convolution
Recursive Convolution
Rank-Value Filters
Strategies for Adaptive Filtering
Summary
Procedures
Filter Design Techniques
Efficient Computation of Neighborhood Operations
Filtering at Image Borders
REGIONS
Task
Concepts
General Properties of Smoothing Operators
S
Smoothing at Edges
Procedures
Box Filters
Binomial Filters
Cascaded Multistep Binomial Filters
Cascaded Multigrid Binomial Filters
Recursive Smoothing
Normalized Convolution
Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Diffusion Filters
Steerable Smoothing Filters
Advanced Reference Material
EDGES
Task
Concepts
Principal Methods for Edge Detection
Edge Models
Subpixel Accurate Edge Detection
Edges in Multi-Channel Images
Regularized Edge Detection
Procedures
First-Order Derivation
Second-Order Derivation
Various Edge Detectors from Literature
Morphological Edge Detectors
Advanced Reference Material
ORIENTATION
Task
Concepts
Simple Neighborhoods
Classification of Local Structures
Vector Representation of Local Orientation
First-Order Tensor Representation of Neighborhoods
Procedures
Set of Quadrature Filters
Tensor Method
Advanced Reference Material
SCALE
Task
Concepts
Procedures
Gaussian Pyramid
Introduction
Algorithms for Pyramid Decomposition
Filters for Pyramid Formation
Interpolation
Laplacian Pyramid
Local Wave Number
Wavelet Transformation
Scale Space
Steerable Filters
Advanced Reference Material
TEXTURE
Task
Concepts
Procedures
Variance
Local Orientation
Local Wave Number
Fractal Description
Autoregressive Modelling
Advanced Reference Material
IV. FROM FEATURES TO OBJECTS
SEGMENTATION
Task
Concepts
Procedures
Pixel-Based Segmentation
Region-Based Segmentation
Edge-Based Segmentation
Advanced Reference Material
SIZE AND SHAPE
Task
Concepts
Area-Based Representation
Boundary-Based Representation
Invariances
Procedures
Chain Code
Moments
Fourier Descriptors
Morphology
Advanced Reference Material
MATCHING AND TRACKING
Task
Concepts
Procedures
Cross Correlation
Particle Imaging Velocimetry
Particle Tracking Velocimetry
Advanced Reference Material
CLASSIFICATION
Task
Concepts
Operators
Look-Up Classificator
Box Classificator
Minimum Distance Classificator
Maximum Likelihood Classificator
Advanced Reference Material
APPENDICES
MATHEMATICAL TOOLBOX
Matrix Algebra
Definitions
The Overdetermined Discrete Inverse Problem
Suggested Further Readings
Fourier Transform
Definition
Properties of the Fourier Transform
Important Fourier Transform Pairs
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Definition
Important Properties
Important Transform Pairs
Random Variables and Fields
Variation Calculus
Glossary
Index