Visualizing Human Biology

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIFE 1 What Is Life? 2 1.1 Living Organisms Display Nine Specific Characteristics 4 1.2 Human Biology Is Structured and Logical 6 1.3 Scientists Approach Questions Using the Scientific Method 12 1.4 Scientific Findings Often Lead to Ethical Dilemmas 16 2 Where Do We Come from and Where Do We Fit? 22 2.1 What Are the Origins of Modern Humans? 24 2.2 What Does the Human Body Have in Common with the World Around It? 31 2.3 We Reflect Our Environment: We Have a Habitat and a Niche 35 3 Everyday Chemistry of Life 42 3.1 Life Has a Unique Chemistry 44 3.2 Water Is Life's Essential Chemical 51 3.3 There Are Four Main Categories of Organic Chemicals 54 4 Cells: Organization and Communication 68 4.1 The Cell Is Highly Organized and Dynamic 70 4.2 The Cell Membrane Isolates the Cell 73 4.3 The Components of a Cell Are Called Organelles 78 4.4 Cell Communication Is Important to Cellular Success 87 5 Tissues 94 5.1 Cells Are the Building Blocks of Tissues 96 5.2 Organization Increases with Organs, Organ Systems, and the Organism 107 5.3 Scientists Use a Road Map to the Human Body 111 UNIT 2 MOVING THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT 6 The Skeleto-Muscular System 118 6.1 The Skeleto-Muscular System Is Multifunctional and Dynamic 120 6.2 Bone Is Strong and Light Tissue 122 6.3 The Skeleton Holds It All Together 127 6.4 Skeletal Muscles Exercise Power 137 6.5 Whole-Muscle Contractions Require Energy 144 7 The Nervous System 154 7.1 The Nervous System Is Categorized by Structure and Function 156 7.2 Neurons Work Through Action Potentials 160 7.3 The Brain and Spinal Cord Are Central to the Nervous System 167 7.4 The Peripheral Nervous System Extends the Central Nervous System 180 8 The Special Senses 188 8.1 The Special Senses Tell Us About Our Environment 190 8.2 Vision Is Our Most Acute Sense 196 8.3 The Special Senses Are Our Connection to the Outside World 203 UNIT 3 PROTECTION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT 9 Immunity and the Lymphatic System 210 9.1 How Do We Adapt to Stress? 212 9.2 Skin and Mucous Membranes Are the First Line of Defense 216 9.3 We Have a Second Line of Innate Defense 221 9.4 The Lymphatic System and Specific Immunity Are Our Third Line of Defense 224 9.5 Immunity Can Be Acquired Actively or Passively 236 10 Infectious Disease and Epidemiology 244 10.1 The Study of Epidemics Is Global in Scope 246 10.2 Bacteria Are Single-Celled Wonders that Can Cause Disease 251 10.3 Viruses Can Reproduce and Kill, but They Are Not Alive 258 10.4 AIDS and HIV Attack the Immune System 265 10.5 Other Pathogens Carry Other Dangers 270 11 Cancer 278 11.1 Cancer Cells Develop in Distinct Ways 280 11.2 Cancer Has Many Causes and Effects 285 11.3 Cancer Can Be Diagnosed and Treated Effectively 296 UNIT 4 THRIVING WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT 12 The Cardiovascular System 308 12.1 The Heart Ensures Continual, 24/7 Nutrient Delivery 310 12.2 Blood Transport Involves Miles of Sophisticated Plumbing 318 12.3 Different Circulatory Pathways Have Specific Purposes 321 12.4 Cardiovascular Disorders Have Life-Threatening Consequences 322 12.5 Blood Consists of Plasma and Formed Elements 327 13 The Respiratory System: Movement of Air 344 13.1 The Respiratory System Provides Us with Essential Gas Exchange 346 13.2 Air Must Be Moved in and out of the Respiratory System 356 13.3 External Respiration Brings Supplies for Internal Respiration 360 13.4 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Requires Hemoglobin and Plasma 362 13.5 Respiratory Health Is Critical to Survival 365 14 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat 376 14.1 Nutrients Are Life Sustaining 378 14.2 Nutrients Are Metabolized 390 14.3 Health Can Be Hurt by Nutritional Disorders 394 15 The Digestive System 402 15.1 Digestion Begins in the Oral Cavity 404 15.2 The Stomach Puts Food to the Acid Test 410 15.3 The Intestines and Accessory Organs Finish the Job 413 15.4 Digestion Is Both Mechanical and Chemical 422 16 The Urinary System 430 16.1 The Kidneys Are the Core of the Urinary System 432 16.2 Urine Is Made, Transported, and Stored 436 16.3 The Urinary System Maintains the Body's Fluid and Solute Balance 442 16.4 Life-Threatening Diseases Affect the Urinary System 446 UNIT 5 POPULATING THE ENVIRONMENT 17 The Endocrine System and Development 454 17.1 Hormones Are Chemical Messengers 456 17.2 The Endocrine Glands Secrete Directly into the Bloodstream 461 17.3 Development Takes Us from Infancy to Adulthood 474 18 The Reproductive Systems: Maintaining the Species 484 18.1 Survival of the Species Depends on Gamete Formation 486 181.2 The Male Reproductive System Produces, Stores, and Delivers Sperm 488 18.3 The Female Reproductive System Produces and Nourishes Eggs 498 18.4 There Are Many Birth Control Choices 508 18.5 Sexual Contact Carries a Danger: Sexually Transmitted Diseases 515 19 Pregnancy: Development from Conception to Newborn 522 19.1 Days 1 Through 14 Include Fertilization and Implantation 524 19.2 The Embryonic Stage Is Marked by Differentiation and Morphogenesis 531 19.3 Fetal Development Is a Stage of Rapid Organ Growth 537 19.4 Labor Initiates the End of Pregnancy 543 20 Inheritance, Genetics, and Molecular Biology 554 20.1 Traits Are Inherited in Specific Patterns 556 20.2 Modern Genetics Uncovers a Molecular Picture 562 20.3 The Central Dogma: Genes Direct the Formation of Proteins 566 20.4 Genetic Theory Is Put to Practical Use 569 20.5 Biotechnology Has Far-Reaching Effects 575 21 Populations Evolve in Ecosystems 592 21.1 The Theory of Evolution Is the Foundation of Biology 594 21.2 Natural Selection Has Far-Reaching Effects on Populations 599 21.3 Ecosystems Sustain Life 602 21.4 Population Growth Is Regulated by the Environment 617 21.5 Humans Have a Tremendous Impact on the Environment 619 Appendix A: Periodic Table 630 B: Measurements 631 C: Answers to Self-Tests 633 Glossary 635 Credits 652 Index 659