Man and Animals in Hot Environments

1 The Thermal Environment.- Hot, Thermally Neutral, and Cold Environments.- Development of Climatic Physiology.- Physical Principles.- 2 Heat Exchange between Animal and Environment.- Metabolic Heat and Its Dissipation.- Body Temperature.- Poikilotherm and Homeotherm.- Heat Flow.- Sensible Heat Transfer.- Evaporative Heat Transfer.- Calorimetry.- 3 Metabolic Rate, Thermal Insulation, and the Assessment of Environment.- Metabolic Rate and Heat Loss at High Temperatures.- Thermal Conductance and Insulation.- Evaporative Heat Loss.- The Assessment of Thermal Environment.- Responses of Different Species to High Temperatures.- Physiological Mechanisms.- 4 Evaporative Heat Loss.- Evaporative Loss from the Respiratory Tract.- Conservation of Water Loss from the Respiratory Tract in a Hot Dry Climate.- Increased Evaporative Heat Loss from the Respiratory Tract during Panting.- Efficiency of Panting.- Panting and Its Effect on Blood Gases.- Mechanisms that Control Panting.- Evaporative Loss from the Skin by Passive Transfer of Water.- Sweating.- Mechanisms that Control Sweating.- Behavioral Wetting of the Skin.- Effect of Humidity and the Capacity for Evaporative Heat Loss.- Evaporative Heat Loss in Invertebrates.- 5 The Cardiovascular System.- Effects of Environmental Temperature on Peripheral Blood Flow in Man.- Effects of Environmental Temperature on Peripheral Blood Flow in Animals Other than Man.- Blood Flow and Heat Loss.- Special Arrangements of Blood Vessels that Influence the Transfer of Heat.- Change in Vasomotor Tone of Resistance and Capacity Vessels.- Changes in Blood Flow with Changes in Posture.- Compensatory Changes in Vascular Beds.- Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, and Pulse Rate.- Blood Pressure.- Blood Volume.- 6 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems.- The Thyroid Gland.- The Adrenal Gland.- Antidiuretic Hormone.- Reproduction.- 7 Behavior.- Avoidance of Adverse Conditions.- The Effect of Postural Changes.- Evaporative Heat Loss.- Effectiveness of Behavioral Patterns in Regulating Body Temperature.- Measurement of the Effects of Posture and Behavioral Patterns on Heat Loss.- Studies Involving a Choice of Environment by the Animal.- The Use of Operant Conditioning in the Investigation of Behavioral Thermoregulation.- Measuring the Demand for Heat by Operant Conditioning.- Control of Thermoregulatory Behavior.- Temperature Sensation in Man.- Lower Vertebrates.- 8 Thermosensitivity and the Thermoregulatory System.- Central Thermosensitive Cells.- Peripheral Thermosensitive Cells.- Central Effects of Peripheral Thermal Stimulation.- Thermosensitive Neurons in the Hypothalamus.- Thermosensitivity of Units Outside the Hypothalamus.- Neuron Models of Thermoregulation.- Local Injections into the Lateral Ventricles and the Hypothalamus.- Models of the Control System.- Adaptations to Hot Environments.- 9 Animals in Hot Environments.- Hot Regions.- Adaptation of Domestic Animals to Heat.- Dehydration.- Animal Productivity.- Desert Mammals.- Birds.- Poikilotherms.- 10 Man in Hot Environments.- Acclimatization to Heat.- Sweating.- Circulation.- Heat Stress.- Heat Tolerance.- Heat Disorders.- Thermal Comfort.- Clothing.- References.