Enabling 5g Communication Systems to Support Vertical Industries

About the Editors xi List of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization 1 Andy Sutton 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Use Cases 3 1.3 5G Network Architecture 4 1.4 RAN Functional Decomposition 7 1.5 Designing a 5G Network 9 1.6 Network Latency 11 1.7 5G Network Architecture Design 13 1.8 Summary 20 Acknowledgements 21 References 21 2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries 23 Mohsin Raza, Sajjad Hussain, Nauman Aslam, Hoa Le-Minh and Huan X. Nguyen 2.1 Overview 23 2.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 24 2.2.1 Wired and Wireless Networks in Industrial Environment 24 2.2.2 Transformation of WSNs for Industrial Applications 24 2.2.3 IWSN Architecture 25 2.3 Industrial Traffic Types and its Critical Nature 28 2.3.1 Safety/Emergency Traffic 28 2.3.2 Critical Control Traffic 28 2.3.3 Low-Risk Control Traffic 28 2.3.4 Periodic Monitoring Traffic 28 2.3.5 Critical Nature and Time Deadlines 29 2.4 Existing Works and Standards 30 2.4.1 Wireless Technologies 30 2.4.2 Industry-Related IEEE Standards 31 2.4.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 31 2.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 32 2.5 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS 33 2.6 Summary 37 References 37 3 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries 41 Luis Sequeira, Konstantinos Antona koglou, Maliheh Mahlouji and Toktam Mahmoodi 3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements 41 3.1.1 Quality of Service 42 3.1.2 Use Cases and Requirements 43 3.2 Teleoperation Systems 45 3.2.1 Classification of Teleoperation Systems 45 3.2.2 Haptic Control and Data Reduction 46 3.2.2.1 Performance of Teleoperation Control Schemes 48 3.2.2.2 Haptic Data Reduction 59 3.2.2.3 Kinesthetic Data Reduction 59 3.2.2.4 Tactile Data Reduction 62 3.2.3 Combining Control Schemes and Data Reduction 63 Acknowledgment 64 References 64 4 5G-Enhanced Smart Grid Services 75 Muhammad Ismail, Islam Safak Bayram, Khalid Qaraqe and Erchin Serpedin 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements 78 4.2.1 Smart Grid Fundamentals 78 4.2.1.1 Data Collection and Management Services 78 4.2.1.2 Control and Operation Services 81 4.2.2 Communication Requirements for Smart Grid Services 87 4.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks 90 4.3.1 Data Collection and Management Services 90 4.3.1.1 Data Collection Services 91 4.3.1.2 Data Management Services 95 4.3.2 Operation Decision-Making Services 96 4.3.2.1 Demand Side Management Services 96 4.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Services 98 4.4 Summary and Future Research 99 Acknowledgment 100 References 100 5 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems 103 Kostas Katsaros and Mehrdad Dianati 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Vehicular Connectivity 104 5.2.1 Cellular V2X 105 5.2.1.1 Release 14 - First C-V2X Services 105 5.2.1.2 Release 15 - First Taste of 5G 108 5.2.1.3 Release 16 - Fully-Fledged 5G 108 5.2.2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 110 5.2.2.1 Co-Existence 110 5.2.3 Advanced Technologies 111 5.2.3.1 Multi-Access Edge Computing 111 5.2.3.2 Network Slicing 113 5.3 Data Dissemination 114 5.3.1 Context-Aware Middleware 114 5.3.2 Heterogeneity and Interoperability 116 5.3.3 Higher Layer Communication Protocols 118 5.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving 121 5.4.1 Phase 1 - Awareness Driving Applications 122 5.4.2 Phase 2 - Collective Perception 122 5.4.3 Phase 3/4 - Trajectory/Manoeuvre Sharing 123 5.4.4 Phase 5 - Full Autonomy 123 5.5 Conclusions 123 References 124 6 State-of-the-Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application 127 Yi Lu, Chong Han, Carsten Maple, Mehrdad Dianati and Alex Mouzakitis 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access 130 6.3 State-of-the-Art 134 6.3.1 Codebook Design 134 6.3.2 Decoding/Detecting Techniques for SCMA 137 6.3.3 Other Research on Performance Evaluation of SCMA 138 6.4 Conclusion and Future Work 140 References 145 7 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare 149 David Soldani and Matteo Innocenti 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements 151 7.2.1 Wireless Tele Surgery 151 7.2.2 Wireless Service Robots 151 7.3 5G communication System 154 7.3.1 3GPP Technology Roadmap 154 7.3.2 5G Spectrum 155 7.3.3 5G Reference Architecture 155 7.3.4 5G Security Aspects 161 7.3.5 5G Enabling Technologies 161 7.3.5.1 5G design for Low-Latency Transmission 162 7.3.5.2 5G design for Higher-Reliability Transmission 166 7.3.6 5G Deployment Scenarios 168 7.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation 170 7.4.1 Market Uptake for Robotic Platforms 171 7.4.2 Business Model and Value Chain 171 7.4.3 Business case for Service Providers 171 7.4.3.1 Assumptions 172 7.4.3.2 Business Cases Calculation 172 7.5 Conclusions 174 References 175 8 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment 179 Stamos Katsigiannis, Wasim Ahmad and Naeem Ramzan 8.1 Multi-Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production 179 8.2 Video 181 8.2.1 Video Compression Algorithms 181 8.2.1.1 HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding 181 8.2.1.2 VP9 182 8.2.1.3 AV1: AO Media Video 1 183 8.2.2 Streaming Protocols 183 8.2.2.1 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) 183 8.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) 184 8.2.3 Video Streaming Over Mobile Networks 184 8.3 Immersive Media 185 8.3.1 Virtual Reality (VR) 186 8.3.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 186 8.3.3 360-Degree Video 187 8.3.4 Immersive Media Streaming 188 References 189 9 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone-based Cellular Network Coverage 191 Haneya Naeem Qureshi and Ali Imran 9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone-Based Cellular Network Coverage 192 9.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter 193 9.3 Motivation 194 9.4 System Model 194 9.5 UAV Coverage Model Development 196 9.5.1 Coverage Probability 196 9.5.2 Received Signal Strength 198 9.6 Trade-Offs between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height 199 9.6.1 Coverage Radius Versus Beamwidth 199 9.6.2 Coverage Radius Versus Height 200 9.6.3 Height Versus Beamwidth 201 9.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS 201 9.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments 203 9.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage 204 9.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths 206 9.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs 207 9.12 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgment 211 References 211 Appendix A 213 10 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks 217 João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Paulo Valente Klaine, Rafaela de Paula Parisotto and Richard D. Souza 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks 218 10.2.1 Coverage in Rural Areas 218 10.2.2 Communication for Internet of Things 218 10.2.3 Flying Fronthaul /Backhaul 219 10.2.4 Aerial Edge Caching 219 10.2.5 Pop-Up Networks 219 10.2.6 Emergency Communication Networks 220 10.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network 221 10.4 Reinforcement Learning 222 10.4.1 Q-Learning 222 10.5 Simulations 223 10.5.1 Urban Model 223 10.5.2 The UAVs 224 10.5.3 Path loss 225 10.5.4 Simulation Scenario 225 10.5.5 Proposed RL Implementation 226 10.5.5.1 Simulation Results 228 10.6 Conclusion 229 References 230 11 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards 233 Usman Raza, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Imran Shafique Ansari and Fabrizio Granelli 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Public Safety Scenarios 235 11.2.1 In-Coverage Scenario 235 11.2.2 Out-of-Coverage Scenario 236 11.2.3 Partial-Coverage Scenario 236 11.3 Standardization Efforts 236 11.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project 237 11.3.1.1 Release 8 237 11.3.1.2 Release 9 237 11.3.1.3 Release 10 238 11.3.1.4 Release 11 238 11.3.1.5 Release 12 238 11.3.1.6 Release 13 240 11.3.1.7 Release 14 241 11.3.1.8 Release 15 241 11.3.2 Open Mobile Alliance 242 11.3.2.1 PTT over Cellular 242 11.3.2.2 Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS) 242 11.3.3 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions 242 11.3.3.1 Energy and Utility Sector 243 11.3.3.2 Building Alarm Systems 243 11.3.3.3 PS Communications with Emergency Centers 243 11.3.3.4 Smart City Solutions 243 11.3.4 APCO Global Alliance 244 11.3.5 Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) 244 11.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies 245 11.4.1 Future challenges 246 11.4.1.1 Connectivity 246 11.4.1.2 Interoperability 246 11.4.1.3 Resource Scarceness 247 11.4.1.4 Security 247 11.4.1.5 Big Data 247 11.4.2 Enabling Technologies 248 11.4.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 248 11.4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Networks 248 11.4.2.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 248 11.5 Conclusion 248 References 249 12 Future Perspectives 253 Muhammad Ali Imran, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo and Qammer H. Abbasi 12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity 253 12.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks 254 12.2.1 Blockchain 254 12.2.2 Terahertz Communication 255 12.2.3 LiFi 255 12.2.4 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 256 Index 257