Essentials of Human Behavior

Case Studies
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
PART I- A MULTIDIMENSIONAL, MULTITHEORETICAL APPROACH FOR MULTIFACETED SOCIAL WORK
CHAPTER 1- HUMAN BEHAVIOR: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study: Manisha and Her Changing Environments
Human Behavior: Individual and Collective
A Multidimensional Approach
Personal Dimensions
Environmental Dimensions
Diversity, Inequality, and the Pursuit of Social Justice: A Global Perspective
Diversity
Inequality
The Pursuit of Social Justice
Knowing and Doing
Knowledge About the Case
Knowledge About the Self
Values and Ethics
Scientific Knowledge: Theory and Research
Theory
Empirical Research
Critical Use of Theory and Research
A Word of Caution
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 2- THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study: Intergenerational Stresses in the McKinley Family
Multiple Perspectives for a Multidimensional Approach
Systems Perspective
Conflict Perspective
Exchange and Choice Perspective
Social Constructionist Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
Developmental Perspective
Social Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
The Merits of Multiple Perspectives
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
PART II- THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF THE PERSON
CHAPTER 3- THE BIOLOGICAL PERSON
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 3.1: Cheryl's Brain Injury
Case Study 3.2: A Diabetes Diagnosis for Bess
Case Study 3.3: Melissa's HIV Diagnosis
Case Study 3.4: Lifestyle Changes for Thomas
Case Study 3.5: Mary and Her Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Case Study 3.6: Juan and Belinda's Reproductive Health
An Integrative Approach for Understanding the Intersection of Interior Biological Health and Illness and Exterior Environment Factors
A Look at Six Interior Environment Systems
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Immune System
Cardiovascular System
Musculoskeletal System
Reproductive System
Exterior Socioeconomic Environment and Interior Health Environment
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 4- THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSON
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study: The Premed Student
Cognition and Emotion
Theories of Cognition
Cognitive Theory
Information Processing Theory
Social Learning Theory
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Theories of Moral Reasoning
Theories of Cognition in Social Work Practice
Theories of Emotion
Physiological Theories of Emotion
Psychological Theories of Emotion
Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego Psychology
Attribution Theory: A Cognitive Perspective
Theory of Emotional Intelligence
Social Theories of Emotion
Theories of Emotion in Social Work Practice
Cognitive and Emotional "Disorders"
The Self
The Self in Relationships
Relational Theory
Attachment Theory
Impact of Early Nurturing on Development
Feminist Theories of Relationships
Social Identity Theory
The Concept of Stress
Three Categories of Psychological Stress
Stress and Crisis
Traumatic Stress
Vulnerability to Stress
Coping and Adaptation
Biological Coping
Psychological Coping
Coping Styles
Coping and Traumatic Stress
Social Support
Virtual Support
How Social Support Aids Coping
How Social Workers Evaluate Social Support
Normal and Abnormal Coping
The Medical (Psychiatric) Perspective
Psychological Perspectives
The Sociological Approach: Deviance
The Social Work Perspective: Social Functioning
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 5- THE SPIRITUAL PERSON
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 5.1: Caroline's Challenging Questions
Case Study 5.2: Naomi's Health Crisis
Case Study 5.3: Matthew's Faith Journey
Case Study 5.4: Trudy's Search for the Sacred
Case Study 5.5: Leon's Two Worlds
Case Study 5.6: Jean-Joseph's Serving the Spirits
Case Study 5.7: Beth's Framework for Living
The Spiritual Dimension
The Meaning of Spirituality
Spirituality in the United States and Globally
Transpersonal Theories of Human Development
Fowler's Stages of Faith Development
Wilber's Integral Theory of Consciousness
Summary and Critique of Fowler's and Wilber's Theories
The Role of Spirituality in Social Work
Spirituality and Human Diversity
Race and Ethnicity
Sex and Gender
Sexual Orientation
Other Aspects of Diversity
Spirituality and the Human Experience
Problems in Living
Individual and Collective Well-Being
Spiritual Assessment
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
PART III- THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 6- CULTURE AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 6.1: Stan and Tina at Community High School
Case Study 6.2: Ben Watson's Changing Experience With the Physical Environment
The Challenge of Defining Culture
Changing Ideas About Culture and Human Behavior
Some Important Culture Concepts
A Postmodern View of Culture
Cultural Maintenance, Change, and Adaptation
Common Sense, Customs, and Traditions
Immigration
Processes of Cultural Change
The Relationship Between the Physical Environment and Human Behavior
Stimulation Theories
Control Theories
Privacy
Personal Space
Territoriality
Crowding
Behavior Settings Theories
Ecocritical Theories
The Natural Environment
Benefits and Costs of Human Interaction With the Natural Environment
Environmental Justice and Ecological Justice
The Built Environment
Technology
Healing Environments
Place Attachment
Homelessness
Accessible Environments for Persons With Disabilities
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 7- FAMILIES
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study: The Sharpe Family's Postdeployment Adjustment
Family Defined
The Family in Historical Perspective
Theoretical Perspectives for Understanding Families
Psychodynamic Perspective and Families
Family Systems Perspective
Feminist Perspective and Families
Family Stress and Coping Perspective
Family Resilience Perspective
Diversity in Family Life
Diversity in Family Structures
Nuclear Families
Extended Families
Cohabiting Heterosexual Couples
Couples With No Children
Lone-Parent Families
Stepfamilies
Same-Sex Partner Families
Military Families
Economic and Cultural Diversity
Economic Diversity
Cultural Diversity
Immigrant Families
Challenges to Family Life
Family Violence
Divorce
Substance Abuse
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 8- SMALL GROUPS, FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS, AND COMMUNITIES
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 8.1: The Sexuality and Gender Group at a Women's Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Facility
Case Study 8.2: Changing Leadership at Beacon Center
Case Study 8.3: Filipina Domestic Workers Creating Transnational Communities
Small Groups in Social Work
Virtual Groups
Small Group Structure, Composition, and Processes
Theories of Group Processes
Psychodynamic Theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory
Exchange Theory
Self-Categorization Theory
Formal Organization Defined
Perspectives on Formal Organizations
Rational Perspective
The Ideal-Type Bureaucracy
Scientific Management
Human Relations Theory
Management by Objectives (MBO)
Decision-Making Theory
Systems Perspective
Political Economy Model
Learning Organization Theory
Interactional/Interpretive Perspective
Social Action Model
Organizational Culture Model
Managing Diversity Model
Critical Perspective
Organizations as Multiple Oppressions
Nonhierarchical Organizations
Technology and Social Service Organizations
Community: Territorial and Relational
Theoretical Approaches to Community
Contrasting Types Approach
Spatial Arrangements Approach
Social Systems Approach
Social Capital Approach
Conflict Approach
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 9- SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: GLOBAL AND NATIONAL
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 9.1: Leticia Renteria's Struggle to Make It in the United States
Case Study 9.2: Fighting for a Living Wage
Patterns of Social Life
Contemporary Trends in Global and U.S. Social Institutions
Trends in the Government and Political Institution
Trends in the Economic Institution
Trends in the Educational Institution
Trends in the Health Care Institution
Trends in the Social Welfare Institution
Trends in the Religious Institution
Trends in the Mass Media Institution
Theories of Social Inequality
The Contemporary Debate
Structural Determinism Versus Human Agency
Social Movements: A Definition
Perspectives on Social Movements
Political Opportunities Perspective
Openness of the Political System
Stability of Political Alignments
Availability of Elite Allies
International Relations
Mobilizing Structures Perspective
Informal and Formal Structures
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
The Life Course of Social Movements
Cultural Framing Perspective
Frames for Understanding That a Problem Exists
Frames for Recognizing a Window of Opportunity
Frames for Establishing Goals
Frames for Identifying Pathways for Action
Emerging Perspectives
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
PART IV- THE CHANGING LIFE COURSE
CHAPTER 10- THE HUMAN LIFE JOURNEY: A LIFE COURSE
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 10.1: David Sanchez's Search for Connections
Case Study 10.2: Phoung Le, Serving Family and Community
Case Study 10.3: The Suarez Family After September 11, 2001
A Definition of the Life Course Perspective
Theoretical Roots of the Life Course Perspective
Basic Concepts of the Life Course Perspective
Cohorts
Transitions
Trajectories
Life Events
Turning Points
Major Themes of the Life Course Perspective
Interplay of Human Lives and Historical Time
Timing of Lives
Dimensions of Age
Standardization in the Timing of Lives
Linked or Interdependent Lives
Links Between Family Members
Links With the Wider World
Human Agency in Making Choices
Diversity in Life Course Trajectories
Developmental Risk and Protection
The Family Life Course
Strengths and Limitations of the Life Course Perspective
Integration With a Multidimensional, Multitheoretical Approach
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 11- THE JOURNEY BEGINS: CONCEPTION, PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH, AND INFANCY
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 11.1: Jennifer Bradshaw's Experience With Infertility
Case Study 11.2: The Thompsons' Premature Birth
Case Study 11.3: Sarah's Teen Dad
Sociocultural Organization of Childbearing and Child-Rearing
Conception and Pregnancy in Context
Childbirth in Context
Childbirth Education
Place of Childbirth
Who Assists Childbirth
Developmental Niche of Child-Rearing
Control Over Conception and Pregnancy
Contraception
Induced Abortion
Infertility Treatment
Fetal Development
First Trimester
Fertilization and the Embryonic Period
The Fetal Period
Second Trimester
Third Trimester
Labor and Delivery of the Neonate
At-Risk Newborns
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Congenital Anomalies
Typical Infant Development
Physical Development
Self-Regulation
Sensory Abilities
Reflexes
Motor Skills
The Growing Brain
Cognitive Development
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Prelanguage Skills
Socioemotional Development
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Emotional Control
Temperament
Attachment
The Role of Play
Child Care Arrangements in Infancy
Family Leave
Paid Child Care
Infants in the Multigenerational Family
Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding Decision
Postpartum Depression
Risk and Protective Factors in Conception, Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infancy
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 12- TODDLERHOOD AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 12.1: Overprotecting Henry
Case Study 12.2: Terri's Terrible Temper
Case Study 12.3: A New Role for Ron and Rosiland's Grandmother
Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood
Physical Development
Cognitive and Language Development
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Language Skills
Moral Development
Understanding Moral Development
Helping Young Children Develop Morally
Personality and Emotional Development
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Emotions
Aggression
Attachment
Social Development
Peer Relations
Self-Concept
Gender Identity and Sexual Interests
Racial and Ethnic Identity
The Role of Play
Developmental Disruptions
Early Childhood Education
Toddlerhood and Early Childhood in the Multigenerational Family
Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood
Poverty
Homelessness
Ineffective Discipline
Divorce
Violence
Community Violence
Domestic Violence
Child Maltreatment
Protective Factors in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 13- MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 13.1: Anthony Bryant's Impending Assessment
Case Study 13.2: Brianna Shaw's New Self-Image
Case Study 13.3: Manuel Vega's Difficult Transition
Historical Perspective on Middle Childhood
Middle Childhood in the Multigenerational Family
Development in Middle Childhood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Cultural Identity Development
Emotional Development
Social Development
The Peer Group
Friendship and Intimacy
Team Play
Gender Identity and Gender Roles
Technology and Social Development
Spiritual Development
Middle Childhood and Formal Schooling
Special Challenges in Middle Childhood
Poverty
Family and Community Violence
Mental and Physical Challenges
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Emotional/Behavioral Disorder
Family Disruption
Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Middle Childhood
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 14- ADOLESCENCE
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 14.1: David's Coming-Out Process
Case Study 14.2: Carl's Struggle for Identity
Case Study 14.3: Monica's Quest for Mastery
The Social Construction of Adolescence Across Time and Space
The Transition From Childhood to Adulthood
Biological Aspects of Adolescence
Puberty
The Adolescent Brain
Nutrition, Exercise, and Sleep
Psychological Aspects of Adolescence
Psychological Reactions to Biological Changes
Changes in Cognition
Identity Development
Theories of Self and Identity
Gender Identity
Cultural Identity
Social Aspects of Adolescence
Relationships With Family
Relationships With Peers
Romantic Relationships
Relationships With Organizations, Communities, and Institutions
School
The Broader Community
Work
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
Adolescent Spirituality/Religiosity
Adolescent Sexuality
Sexual Decision Making
Sexual Orientation
Pregnancy and Childbearing
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Potential Challenges to Adolescent Development
Substance Use and Abuse
Juvenile Delinquency
Bullying
School-to-Prison Pipeline
Community Violence
Dating Violence and Statutory Rape
Poverty and Low Educational Attainment
Obesity and Eating Disorders
Depression and Suicide
Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Adolescence
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 15- YOUNG AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 15.1: Sheila Henderson, Coming Home at 25
Case Study 15.2: Viktor Spiro, Finding Stability at 44
Case Study 15.3: Michael Bowling, Swallowing His Pride at 57
The Meaning of Adulthood
Theoretical Approaches to Adulthood
Jung's Analytic Psychology
Erikson's Psychosocial Life Span Theory
Levinson's Theory of Seasons of Adulthood
Arnett's "Emerging" Adulthood
Variations in the Transition to Adulthood
Biological Functioning in Young and Middle Adulthood
Health Maintenance in Young and Middle Adulthood
Physical and Mental Health in Young and Middle Adulthood
Cognition in Young and Middle Adulthood
Personality and Identity in Young and Middle Adulthood
Trait Approach
Human Agency Approach
Life Narrative Approach
Young- and Middle-Adult Spirituality
Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
Romantic Relationships
Relationships With Children
Relationships With Parents
Other Family Relationship
Relationships With Friends
Work in Young and Middle Adulthood
Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Young and Middle Adulthood
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
CHAPTER 16- LATE ADULTHOOD
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Case Study 16.1: Ms. Ruby Johnson Is Providing Care for Three Generations
Case Study 16.2: Margaret Davis Stays at Home
Case Study 16.3: Bina Patel Outlives Her Son
Demographics of the Older-Adult Population
Cultural Construction of Late Adulthood
Psychosocial Theoretical Perspectives on Social Gerontology
Biological Changes in Late Adulthood
Health and Longevity
Age-Related Changes in Physiology
Functional Capacity in Very Late Adulthood
The Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Dementia
Parkinson's Disease
Psychological Changes in Late Adulthood
Personality Changes
Intellectual Changes, Learning, and Memory
Mental Health and Mental Disorders
Social Role Transitions and Life Events of Late Adulthood
Families in Later Life
Grandparenthood
Work and Retirement
Caregiving and Care Receiving
Institutionalization
The Search for Personal Meaning
Resources for Meeting the Needs of Elderly Persons
The Dying Process
Advance Directives
Care of People Who Are Dying
End-of-Life Signs and Symptoms
Loss, Grief, and Bereavement
Theories and Models of Loss and Grief
Culture and Bereavement
Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Late Adulthood
The Life Course Completed
Implications for Social Work Practice
Key Terms
Active Learning
Web Resources
Glossary
References
Index
About the Contributors