Ubuntu Unleashed 2010 Edition

Introduction 1

Part I Installation and Configuration

1 Installing Ubuntu 11

Before You Begin the Installation.................................................................11

Researching Your Hardware Specifications .........................................12

Installation Options.............................................................................12

Planning Partition Strategies ...............................................................12

The Boot Loader ..................................................................................13

Installing from CD or DVD .................................................................13

Step-by-Step Installation...............................................................................13

Starting the Install ...............................................................................14

First Update..........................................................................................20

Wubi-The Easy Installer for Windows ..............................................22

Shutting Down ....................................................................................24

Reference .......................................................................................................24

2 Post-Installation Configuration 25

Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems ........................26

The sudo command ......................................................................................27

First Update...................................................................................................28

Configuring Software Repositories ...............................................................30

Installing Graphics Drivers ...........................................................................33

Changing Ubuntu's Look and Feel...............................................................34

Changing the Desktop Background ....................................................34

Changing Colors..................................................................................35

Modifying System Fonts......................................................................36

Changing How Menus Look ...............................................................36

Visual Effects........................................................................................37

Preferred Behaviors .......................................................................................37

Preferred Applications .........................................................................37

Removable Drives and Media..............................................................39

Input Devices ................................................................................................39

Keyboard Shortcuts..............................................................................40

Keyboard Layout..................................................................................40

Mouse...................................................................................................41

Detecting and Configuring a Modem ..........................................................42

Configuring a Serial-Port Modem .......................................................42

Configuring WinModems for Laptops................................................42

Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu ...............................................43

Setting the Date and Time............................................................................44

Using the date Command ...................................................................45

Using the hwclock Command ............................................................45

Changing the Time and Date..............................................................46

Configuring and Using CD, DVD, and CD-RW Drives................................46

Checking Drive Assignment................................................................47

Configuring Wireless Networks ....................................................................48

Reference .......................................................................................................49

3 Working with Gnome 51

The Gnome Desktop Environment ..............................................................52

Gnome: The GNU Network Object Model Environment...................52

Eye Candy for the Masses.............................................................................54

Basic X Concepts...........................................................................................55

Using X..........................................................................................................56

Elements of the xorg.conf File ............................................................57

Configuring X......................................................................................62

Starting X ......................................................................................................64

Using a Display Manager.....................................................................65

Changing Window Managers..............................................................73

KDE-The Other Environment.....................................................................77

XFce...............................................................................................................78

Reference .......................................................................................................78

4 Command Line Quickstart 79

What Is the Command Line? .......................................................................79

Navigating Through the File System...................................................83

Managing Files with the Shell.............................................................85

Working with Compressed Files..........................................................86

Use Essential Commands from the /bin and /sbin Directories ..........87

Use and Edit Files in the /etc Directory ..............................................87

Protect the Contents of User Directories-/home ..............................87

Use the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact

with the Kernel..................................................................................87

Work with Shared Data in the /usr Directory.....................................89

Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory....................................89

Access Variable Data Files in the /var Directory .................................89

Logging In to and Working with Linux .......................................................90

Text-based Console Login....................................................................90

Logging Out.........................................................................................90

Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer ..................................91

Using Environment Variables..............................................................92

Using the Text Editors ..................................................................................95

Working with vi...................................................................................96

Working with emacs............................................................................97

Working with Permissions............................................................................99

Assigning Permissions .......................................................................100

Directory Permissions........................................................................101

Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions..............103

Working as Root..........................................................................................104

Creating Users....................................................................................105

Deleting Users....................................................................................106

Shutting Down the System ...............................................................106

Rebooting the System........................................................................107

Reading Documentation.............................................................................108

Using Man Pages................................................................................108

Reference .....................................................................................................110

Part II Desktop Ubuntu

5 On the Internet 113

Getting Started with Firefox .......................................................................114

Choosing an Email Client ..........................................................................115

Evolution ...........................................................................................116

Mozilla Thunderbird..........................................................................118

KMail..................................................................................................120

Other Mail Clients.............................................................................120

RSS Readers..................................................................................................120

Firefox ................................................................................................122

Liferea.................................................................................................122

Instant Messaging with Pidgin ...................................................................123

Internet Relay Chat.....................................................................................124

Usenet Network Newsgroups......................................................................127

The Pan News Client Newsreader...............................................................128

Videoconferencing with Ekiga....................................................................130

Reference .....................................................................................................132

6 Productivity Applications 133

Introducing OpenOffice.org .......................................................................134

Configuring OpenOffice.org .............................................................136

Working with OpenOffice.org Writer ...............................................137

Working with OpenOffice.org Calc...................................................140

Office Suites for Ubuntu .............................................................................144

Working with Gnome Office.............................................................146

Working with KOffice........................................................................149

Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows.......................150

Reference .....................................................................................................152

7 Multimedia Applications 153

Sound and Music ........................................................................................153

Sound Cards.......................................................................................154

Adjusting Volume..............................................................................155

Sound Formats...................................................................................156

Listening to Music .............................................................................157

Graphics Manipulation...............................................................................163

The GNU Image Manipulation Program...........................................163

Using Scanners in Ubuntu ................................................................164

Working with Graphics Formats .......................................................166

Capturing Screen Images...................................................................168

Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu ..........................................................168

Handheld Digital Cameras ................................................................168

Using F-Spot.......................................................................................169

Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu............................................................170

Creating CDs and DVDs with Ubuntu's Graphical Clients..............172

Creating CDs from the Command Line ...........................................174

Creating DVDs from the Command Line.........................................176

Viewing Video.............................................................................................178

TV and Video Hardware ....................................................................178

Video Formats....................................................................................180

Viewing Video in Linux.....................................................................181

Personal Video Recorders ..................................................................181

DVD and Video Players .....................................................................182

Reference .....................................................................................................182

8 Printing with Ubuntu 185

Overview of Ubuntu Printing.....................................................................185

Configuring and Managing Print Services .................................................187

GUI-Based Printer Configuration Quickstart ....................................187

Managing Printing Services ...............................................................188

Creating and Configuring Local Printers ...................................................189

Creating the Print Queue ..................................................................190

Editing Printer Settings......................................................................192

Reference .....................................................................................................195

9 Games 197

Linux Gaming.............................................................................................197

Installing Proprietary Video Drivers..................................................198

Installing Games in Ubuntu .......................................................................199

DOOM 3 ............................................................................................200

Unreal Tournament 2004 ..................................................................201

Quake 4..............................................................................................202

Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory ...........................................................203

Battle for Wesnoth.............................................................................204

Playing Windows Games with Cedega.......................................................204

Reference .....................................................................................................205

Part III System Administration

10 Managing Users 209

User Accounts .............................................................................................209

The Super User/Root User .................................................................210

User IDs and Group IDs ....................................................................212

File Permissions .................................................................................212

Managing Groups .......................................................................................213

Group Management Tools.................................................................214

Managing Users...........................................................................................216

User Management Tools ....................................................................216

Adding New Users .............................................................................218

Monitoring User Activity on the System ..........................................219

Managing Passwords...................................................................................220

System Password Policy .....................................................................220

The Password File ..............................................................................220

Shadow Passwords .............................................................................221

Managing Password Security for Users..............................................223

Changing Passwords in a Batch ........................................................224

Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users......................224

Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command ..........225

Granting Root Privileges on Occasion-The sudo Command .........227

Disk Quotas.................................................................................................229

Implementing Quotas .......................................................................230

Manually Configuring Quotas ..........................................................230

Reference .....................................................................................................232

11 Automating Tasks 233

Running Services at Bootup........................................................................234

Beginning the Boot Loading Process..........................................................234

Loading the Linux Kernel..................................................................235

System Services and Runlevels ..........................................................236

Runlevel Definitions..........................................................................236

Booting into the Default Runlevel ....................................................237

Booting to a Non-Default Runlevel with GRUB ...............................237

Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization......238

Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools ..................239

Changing Runlevels...........................................................................240

Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems .................................................240

Starting and Stopping Services Manually...................................................241

Scheduling Tasks .........................................................................................242

Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later................................242

Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly...................................................245

Basic Shell Control......................................................................................248

The Shell Command Line .................................................................248

Shell Pattern-Matching Support........................................................250

Redirecting Input and Output...........................................................251

Piping Data ........................................................................................252

Background Processing ......................................................................252

Writing and Executing a Shell Script..........................................................253

Running the New Shell Program.......................................................254

Storing Shell Scripts for Systemwide Access......................................255

Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells............................256

Using Variables in Shell Scripts .........................................................258

Assigning a Value to a Variable .........................................................258

Accessing Variable Values ..................................................................259

Positional Parameters ........................................................................259

A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter....................................259

Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve

Variables from the Command Line ................................................260

Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks..........................................261

Built-In Variables ...............................................................................263

Special Characters..............................................................................263

Use Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with

Embedded Spaces ............................................................................264

Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables ................265

Using the Backslash as an Escape Character.....................................266

Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output ........................266

Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash................................267

00_1091_fm.xml.qxp 11/16/09 6:16 PM Page x

Comparing Expressions with tcsh.....................................................272

The for Statement ..............................................................................276

The while Statement..........................................................................277

The until Statement...........................................................................279

The repeat Statement (tcsh) ..............................................................280

The select Statement (pdksh) ............................................................280

The shift Statement ...........................................................................281

The if Statement ................................................................................281

The case Statement ............................................................................283

The break and exit Statements..........................................................285

Using Functions in Shell Scripts........................................................285

Reference .....................................................................................................287

12 System-Monitoring Tools 289

Console-Based Monitoring .........................................................................289

Using the kill Command to Control Processes.................................291

Using Priority Scheduling and Control.............................................292

Displaying Free and Used Memory with free ...................................294

Disk Space ..........................................................................................295

Disk Quotas........................................................................................296

Graphical Process and System Management Tools ....................................296

KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools ..............................................298

Reference .....................................................................................................299

13 Backing Up 301

Choosing a Backup Strategy .......................................................................301

Why Data Loss Occurs.......................................................................302

Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources ....................................303

Evaluating Backup Strategies.............................................................304

Making the Choice ............................................................................307

Choosing Backup Hardware and Media .....................................................307

Removable Storage Media .................................................................308

Network Storage.................................................................................309

Tape Drive Backup .............................................................................309

Using Backup Software ...............................................................................310

tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool .......................................................310

The GNOME File Roller .....................................................................312

Using the Amanda Backup Application............................................315

Alternative Backup Software..............................................................316

Copying Files...............................................................................................316

Copying Files Using tar .....................................................................317

Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams ........................317

Copying Files Using cp......................................................................318

Copying Files Using mc.....................................................................318

System Rescue .............................................................................................319

The Ubuntu Rescue Disc....................................................................320

Backing Up and Restoring the Master Boot Record..........................320

Booting the System from a Generic Boot Floppy .............................320

Using a GRUB Boot Floppy ...............................................................321

Using the Recovery Facility ...............................................................322

Reference .....................................................................................................322

14 Networking 325

Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface........................................326

Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface .................326

Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually ................................326

Networking with TCP/IP.............................................................................328

TCP/IP Addressing .............................................................................329

Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu ...................................................331

Ports ...................................................................................................332

Network Organization ................................................................................333

Subnetting..........................................................................................333

Subnet Masks .....................................................................................334

Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing ..................................334

Hardware Devices for Networking..............................................................335

Network Interface Cards....................................................................335

Network Cable ...................................................................................337

Hubs and Switches.............................................................................338

Routers and Bridges ...........................................................................339

Initializing New Network Hardware..................................................339

Using Network Configuration Tools...........................................................342

Command-Line Network Interface Configuration ...........................342

Network Configuration Files .............................................................347

Using Graphical Configuration Tools ...............................................349

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ......................................................351

How DHCP Works .............................................................................351

Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time ..............................352

DHCP Software Installation and Configuration ...............................353

Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts........................................354

Other Uses for DHCP.........................................................................357

Wireless Networking ...................................................................................357

Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu ....................................357

Advantages of Wireless Networking..................................................358

Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols .......................359

Beyond the Network and onto the Internet ..............................................360

Common Configuration Information........................................................360

Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access................................................362

Understanding Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet.....................363

Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually.....................................363

Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access .........................................................365

Configuring a Dial-Up Connection Manually..................................365

Troubleshooting Connection Problems .....................................................368

Reference .....................................................................................................369

15 Remote Access with SSH and Telnet 371

Setting Up a Telnet Server...........................................................................371

Telnet Versus SSH........................................................................................372

Setting Up an SSH Server ............................................................................372

The SSH Tools..............................................................................................373

Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines....................374

Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines ..........................374

Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-based Logins..................................375

Remote X.....................................................................................................377

XDMCP..............................................................................................377

VNC....................................................................................................378

Reference .....................................................................................................378

Part IV Ubuntu as a Server

16 File and Print 381

Using the Network File System...................................................................382

Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS ...........................................382

NFS Server Configuration..................................................................383

NFS Client Configuration..................................................................384

Putting Samba to Work...............................................................................385

Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf................387

Testing Samba with the testparm Command ...................................390

Starting the smbd Daemon ...............................................................390

Mounting Samba Shares....................................................................391

Configuring Samba Using SWAT.......................................................392

Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu..............................................397

Creating Network Printers ..........................................................................397

Enabling Network Printing on a LAN ...............................................397

Session Message Block Printing.........................................................398

Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI .......................................399

Creating a CUPS Printer Entry ..........................................................400

Avoiding Printer Support Problems............................................................403

All-in-One (Print/Fax/Scan) Devices .................................................403

Using USB and Legacy Printers .........................................................403

Reference .....................................................................................................405

17 Apache Web Server Management 407

About the Apache Web Server ....................................................................407

Installing the Apache Server.......................................................................409

Installing with APT............................................................................409

Building the Source Yourself .............................................................410

Starting and Stopping Apache ....................................................................413

Starting the Apache Server Manually................................................413

Using /etc/init.d/apache2..................................................................414

Runtime Server Configuration Settings......................................................416

Runtime Configuration Directives ....................................................416

Editing apache2.conf.........................................................................417

Apache Multiprocessing Modules .....................................................419

Using .htaccess Configuration Files ..................................................420

File System Authentication and Access Control ........................................422

Restricting Access with allow and deny............................................422

Authentication...................................................................................423

Final Words on Access Control .........................................................425

Apache Modules..........................................................................................426

mod_access ........................................................................................427

mod_alias ...........................................................................................427

mod_asis ............................................................................................427

mod_auth...........................................................................................428

mod_auth_anon.................................................................................428

mod_auth_dbm .................................................................................428

mod_auth_digest ...............................................................................428

mod_autoindex..................................................................................429

mod_cgi..............................................................................................429

mod_dir and mod_env ......................................................................429

mod_expires.......................................................................................429

mod_headers......................................................................................429

mod_include ......................................................................................429

mod_info and mod_log_config .........................................................430

mod_mime and mod_mime_magic ..................................................430

mod_negotiation ...............................................................................430

mod_proxy.........................................................................................430

mod_rewrite.......................................................................................430

mod_setenvif .....................................................................................430

mod_speling.......................................................................................431

mod_status.........................................................................................431

mod_ssl ..............................................................................................431

mod_unique_id..................................................................................431

mod_userdir .......................................................................................431

mod_usertrack....................................................................................431

mod_vhost_alias ................................................................................431

Virtual Hosting............................................................................................432

Address-Based Virtual Hosts ..............................................................432

Name-Based Virtual Hosts .................................................................432

Logging........................................................................................................434

Other Web Servers for Use with Ubuntu....................................................435

Sun ONE Web Server .........................................................................436

Zope ...................................................................................................436

Zeus Web Server.................................................................................436

Reference .....................................................................................................437

18 Remote File Serving with FTP 439

Choosing an FTP Server..............................................................................439

Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server ..........................440

Ubuntu FTP Server Packages .............................................................440

Other FTP Servers ..............................................................................440

Installing FTP Software ...............................................................................441

The FTP User ...............................................................................................442

inetd Configuration for wu-ftpd ................................................................444

Starting the Very Secure FTP Server (vsftpd) Package.......................445

Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server.....................................................445

Controlling Anonymous Access........................................................445

Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files ...........................................446

Configuring the Server ...............................................................................448

Using Commands in the ftpaccess File to Configure wu-ftpd...................448

Configure Access Control..................................................................449

Configure User Information..............................................................452

Configure System Logging ................................................................456

Configure Permission Control ..........................................................457

Configure Commands Directed Toward the cdpath.........................459

Structure of the shutdown File..........................................................460

Configuring FTP Server File-Conversion Actions.......................................460

Strip Prefix .........................................................................................461

Strip Postfix........................................................................................461

Add-On Prefix ....................................................................................461

Add-On Postfix ..................................................................................461

External Command ...........................................................................461

An Example of Conversions in Action..............................................462

Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection ............463

Using Commands for Server Administration.............................................464

Display Information About Connected Users...................................464

Count the Number of Connections..................................................465

Use /usr/sbin/ftpshut to Schedule FTP Server Downtime ................466

Use /var/log/xferlog to View a Log of Server Transactions...............467

Reference .....................................................................................................470

19 Handling Electronic Mail 471

How Email Is Sent and Received ................................................................471

The Mail Transport Agent..................................................................472

Choosing an MTA..............................................................................474

The Mail Delivery Agent ...................................................................474

The Mail User Agent..........................................................................475

Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation ...............................................476

Configuring Masquerading ...............................................................477

Using Smart Hosts .............................................................................477

Setting Message Delivery Intervals....................................................477

Mail Relaying .....................................................................................478

Forwarding Email with Aliases ..........................................................478

Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail ...............................................................479

Installing Fetchmail...........................................................................479

Configuring Fetchmail ......................................................................480

Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent ................................................................483

Procmail .............................................................................................483

Spamassassin......................................................................................484

Squirrelmail........................................................................................484

Virus Scanners....................................................................................484

Mail Daemons.............................................................................................485

Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server.................................................485

Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client ......................................486

CommuniGate Pro.............................................................................486

Oracle Collaboration Suite ................................................................486

Bynari.................................................................................................486

Open-Xchange...................................................................................486

phpgroupware....................................................................................487

PHProjekt ...........................................................................................487

Horde .................................................................................................487

Reference .....................................................................................................488

20 Proxying and Reverse Proxying 489

What Is a Proxy Server? ..............................................................................489

Installing Squid ...........................................................................................490

Configuring Clients ....................................................................................490

Access Control Lists ....................................................................................491

Specifying Client IP Addresses....................................................................495

Example Configurations .............................................................................496

Reference .....................................................................................................498

21 Administering Database Services 499

A Brief Review of Database Basics ..............................................................500

How Relational Databases Work .......................................................501

Understanding SQL Basics.................................................................503

Creating Tables ..................................................................................503

Inserting Data into Tables .................................................................504

Retrieving Data from a Database.......................................................505

Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL......................................507

Speed..................................................................................................507

Data Locking......................................................................................508

ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing

to Protect Data Integrity .................................................................509

SQL Subqueries ..................................................................................509

Procedural Languages and Triggers ...................................................510

Configuring MySQL....................................................................................510

Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User ...................................511

Creating a Database in MySQL .........................................................511

Granting and Revoking Privileges in MySQL ...................................512

Configuring PostgreSQL .............................................................................513

Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL ..................................514

Creating a Database in PostgreSQL ...................................................515

Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL ............................................516

Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL ............................................517

Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL .............................517

Database Clients..........................................................................................518

SSH Access to a Database...................................................................518

Local GUI Client Access to a Database .............................................520

Web Access to a Database..................................................................520

The MySQL Command-Line Client ..................................................521

The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client............................................523

Graphical Clients...............................................................................523

Reference .....................................................................................................524

22 LDAP 525

Configuring the Server ...............................................................................526

Populating Your Directory.................................................................528

Configuring Clients ....................................................................................530

Evolution ...........................................................................................531

Thunderbird.......................................................................................532

Administration............................................................................................532

Reference .....................................................................................................533

Part V Programming Linux

23 Using Perl 537

Using Perl with Linux.................................................................................537

Perl Versions ......................................................................................538

A Simple Perl Program.......................................................................538

Perl Variables and Data Structures..............................................................540

Perl Variable Types.............................................................................540

Special Variables.................................................................................541

Operators.....................................................................................................542

Comparison Operators ......................................................................542

Compound Operators........................................................................543

Arithmetic Operators.........................................................................544

Other Operators.................................................................................544

Special String Constants ....................................................................545

Conditional Statements: if/else and unless................................................545

if .........................................................................................................546

unless .................................................................................................546

Looping .......................................................................................................547

for.......................................................................................................547

foreach ...............................................................................................547

while ..................................................................................................548

until ...................................................................................................548

last and next ......................................................................................548

do ... while and do ... until ...............................................................549

Regular Expressions.....................................................................................549

Access to the Shell ......................................................................................550

Modules and CPAN.....................................................................................551

Code Examples............................................................................................552

Sending Mail......................................................................................552

Purging Logs ......................................................................................554

Posting to Usenet...............................................................................555

One-Liners .........................................................................................556

Command-Line Processing................................................................556

Reference .....................................................................................................557

24 Working with Python 561

Python on Linux.........................................................................................561

Getting Interactive.............................................................................562

The Basics of Python...................................................................................563

Numbers.............................................................................................563

More on Strings .................................................................................564

Lists ....................................................................................................567

Dictionaries........................................................................................569

Conditionals and Looping ................................................................570

Functions.....................................................................................................572

Object Orientation......................................................................................573

Class and Object Variables ................................................................574

Constructors and Destructors............................................................575

Class Inheritance ...............................................................................575

The Standard Library and the Vaults of Parnassus ....................................577

Reference .....................................................................................................577

25 Writing PHP Scripts 579

Introduction to PHP ...................................................................................580

Entering and Exiting PHP Mode .......................................................580

Variables.............................................................................................580

Arrays .................................................................................................582

Constants...........................................................................................584

References ..........................................................................................584

Comments .........................................................................................585

Escape Sequences ...............................................................................585

Variable Substitution .........................................................................587

Operators ...........................................................................................587

Conditional Statements.....................................................................589

Special Operators ...............................................................................591

Switching ...........................................................................................592

Loops..................................................................................................593

Including Other Files.........................................................................596

Basic Functions ...........................................................................................596

Strings ................................................................................................596

Arrays .................................................................................................600

Files ....................................................................................................602

Miscellaneous.....................................................................................604

Handling HTML Forms ...............................................................................607

Databases.....................................................................................................608

Introduction to PEAR::DB .................................................................608

Reference .....................................................................................................610

26 C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu 613

Programming in C with Linux ...................................................................613

Using the C Programming Project Management Tools

Provided with Ubuntu..............................................................................614

Building Programs with make ...........................................................615

Using Makefiles..................................................................................615

Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code .................................617

Managing Software Projects with Subversion...................................617

Debugging Tools ................................................................................618

Using the GNU C Compiler .......................................................................619

Graphical Development Tools ....................................................................620

Using the KDevelop Client................................................................620

The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME...................................621

Reference .....................................................................................................623

27 Mono 625

Why Use Mono? .........................................................................................625

Mono on the Command Line ....................................................................626

The Structure of a C# Program..........................................................628

Printing Out the Parameters..............................................................629

Creating Your Own Variables ............................................................629

Adding Some Error Checking............................................................630

Building on Mono's Libraries .....................................................................631

Searching with Beagle........................................................................631

Creating a GUI with Gtk# .................................................................634

Reference .....................................................................................................636

Part VI Ubuntu Housekeeping

28 Securing Your Machines 639

Understanding Computer Attacks..............................................................639

Assessing Your Vulnerability.......................................................................641

Protecting Your Machine ............................................................................642

Securing a Wireless Network .............................................................642

Passwords and Physical Security .......................................................643

Configuring and Using Tripwire .......................................................644

Devices ...............................................................................................645

Viruses .........................................................................................................645

Configuring Your Firewall...........................................................................646

Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan ..............................................................647

Keeping Up-to-Date on Linux Security Issues............................................648

Reference .....................................................................................................649

29 Performance Tuning 651

Hard Disk ....................................................................................................651

Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives ........................652

The hdparm Command.....................................................................653

File System Tuning ............................................................................654

The tune2fs Command......................................................................654

The e2fsck Command........................................................................655

The badblocks Command .................................................................655

Disabling File Access Time.................................................................655

Kernel ..........................................................................................................655

Apache.........................................................................................................656

MySQL.........................................................................................................658

Measuring Key Buffer Usage..............................................................658

Using the Query Cache .....................................................................660

Miscellaneous Tweaks........................................................................661

Query Optimization ..........................................................................661

Reference .....................................................................................................662

30 Command Line Masterclass 663

Why Use the Shell?.....................................................................................664

Basic Commands.........................................................................................665

Printing the Contents of a File with cat ...........................................666

Changing Directories with cd ...........................................................667

Changing File Access Permissions with chmod................................668

Copying Files with cp........................................................................669

Printing Disk Usage with du .............................................................669

Finding Files by Searching with find ................................................670

Searches for a String in Input with grep ...........................................673

Paging Through Output with less .....................................................674

Creating Links Between Files with ln................................................676

Finding Files from an Index with locate...........................................677

Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls ...................................678

Reading Manual Pages with man......................................................679

Making Directories with mkdir .........................................................680

Moving Files with mv........................................................................680

Listing Processes with ps ...................................................................680

Deleting Files and Directories with rm .............................................681

Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail..........................................682

Printing Resource Usage with top .....................................................682

Printing the Location of a Command with which...........................684

Combining Commands ..............................................................................684

Multiple Terminals......................................................................................686

Reference .....................................................................................................687

31 Managing Software 689

Using Add/Remove Applications for Software Management.....................689

Using Synaptic for Software Management .................................................691

Staying Up-to-Date......................................................................................693

Working on the Command Line ................................................................694

Day-to-Day Usage ..............................................................................694

Finding Software................................................................................697

Compiling Software from Source ...............................................................698

Reference .....................................................................................................699

32 Kernel and Module Management 701

The Linux Kernel ........................................................................................702

The Linux Source Tree .......................................................................702

Types of Kernels.................................................................................704

Managing Modules .....................................................................................706

When to Recompile ....................................................................................708

Kernel Versions ...........................................................................................708

Obtaining the Kernel Sources .....................................................................709

Patching the Kernel ....................................................................................710

Compiling the Kernel .................................................................................712

Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel.............................................717

Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image .................................................720

When Something Goes Wrong...................................................................721

Errors During Compile ......................................................................721

Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops ...............722

Reference .....................................................................................................723

Part VII Appendixes

A Ubuntu Under the Hood 727

What Is Linux?............................................................................................727

Why Use Linux?..........................................................................................729

What Is Ubuntu?.........................................................................................730

Roots of Ubuntu ................................................................................730

Ubuntu for Business....................................................................................731

Ubuntu in Your Home ................................................................................732

64-Bit Ubuntu .............................................................................................733

Ubuntu on the PPC Platform .....................................................................733

Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation .....................733

Ubuntu Developers and Documentation ...................................................735

Reference .....................................................................................................735

B Installation Resources 737

Planning Your Ubuntu Deployment ..........................................................738

Business Considerations ....................................................................738

System Considerations ......................................................................741

User Considerations...........................................................................742

A Predeployment Planning Checklist ...............................................742

Planning the Installation...................................................................742

Hardware Requirements..............................................................................743

Meeting the Minimum Ubuntu Hardware Requirements ................743

Using Legacy Hardware .....................................................................744

Planning for Hard Drive Storage for Your Ubuntu Installation .......744

Checking Hardware Compatibility ...................................................745

Preparing for Potential Hardware Problems......................................746

Preparing and Using a Hardware Inventory .....................................749

Preparing for the Install Process .................................................................750

Preparing to Install from a CD-ROM ................................................753

Partitioning Before and During Installation ..............................................754

Choosing a Partitioning Scheme.......................................................756

Hosting Parts of the Linux File System on Separate Partitions ........756

Reference .....................................................................................................757

C Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources 759

Websites and Search Engines......................................................................760

Web Search Tips.................................................................................760

Google Is Your Friend ........................................................................761

Ubuntu Package Listings ...................................................................761

Certification.......................................................................................761

Commercial Support..........................................................................762

Documentation..................................................................................762

Linux Guides......................................................................................763

Ubuntu...............................................................................................763

Mini-CD Linux Distributions ............................................................763

Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions ...........................................764

PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions..................................................764

Linux on Laptops and PDAs..............................................................765

The X Window System ......................................................................765

Usenet Newsgroups.....................................................................................765

Mailing Lists................................................................................................767

Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists.............................................................767

Internet Relay Chat.....................................................................................767

Index 769