Neurology Image-Based Clinical Review

Contents

Abbreviations

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Ischemia

1.1. Ischemic Stroke

1.2. Brainstem Stroke Syndromes

1.3. Cerebellar Strokes

1.4. Lacunar Strokes

1.5. Watershed Strokes

1.6. Hypoxic/Ischemic Injury

1.7. Sinus Venous Thrombosis

1.8. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy

1.9. Sickle Cell Disease

1.10. Spinal Cord Stroke

1.11. Microvascular Disease

2. Hemorrhage

2.1. Hypertensive Hemorrhage

2.2. Lobar Hemorrhages

2.3. Amyloid Beta Related Angiitis

2.4. Hemorrhagic Conversion of Ischemic Stroke

2.5. Hemorrhagic Tumor

2.6. Spinal Epidural Hematoma

3. Vascular Malformations/Diseases of Blood Vessels

3.1. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

3.2. Aneurysms

3.3. Dissections

3.4. Central Nervous System Vasculitis

3.5. Moyamoya Disease

3.6. Arteriovenous Malformations

3.7. Capillary Telangiectasia

3.8. Cerebral Cavernous Malformations

3.9. Developmental Venous Anomalies

3.10. Dolichoectasia of Vertebrobasilar Artery

3.11. Fenestration of the Basilar Artery

3.12. Persistent Trigeminal Artery

3.13. Kissing Carotids

3.14. Absence of the Internal Carotid Arteries

3.15. Carotid Paragangliomas

3.16. Nonaneurysmal Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

3.17. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome

4. Neoplastic Diseases

4.1. Glioblastoma

4.2. Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma

4.3. Oligodendroglioma

4.4. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

4.5. Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor

4.6. Ependymoma

4.7. Subependymoma

4.8. Medulloblastoma

4.9. Ganglioglioma

4.10. Hemangiopericytoma

4.11. Pineoblastoma

4.12. Germinoma of Pineal Gland

4.13. Central Neurocytoma

4.14. Hypothalamic Hamartoma

4.15. Clivus Chordoma

4.16. Corpus Callosum Lipoma

4.17. Meningioma

4.18. Vestibular Schwannoma

4.19. Glomus Jugulare

4.20. Esthesioneuroblastoma

4.21. Spinal Epidural Metastases

4.22. Cerebral Metastases

5. Pituitary Disorders

5.1. Pituitary Adenoma

5.2. Craniopharyngioma

5.3. Rathke’s Cleft Cyst

5.4. Lymphocytic Hypophysitis

5.5. Pituitary Apoplexy

6. Cystic Lesions

6.1. Arachnoid Cyst

6.2. Colloid Cyst of Third Ventricle

6.3. Epidermoid Cyst

6.4. Ruptured Dermoid Cyst

7. Demyelinating Diseases

7.1. Multiple Sclerosis

7.2. Optic Neuritis

7.3. Neuromyelitis Optica

7.4. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

7.5. Susac’s Syndrome

7.6. Adrenoleukodystrophy

7.7. Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease

7.8. Krabbe’s Disease

7.9. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

8. Epilepsy

8.1. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

8.2. Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

8.3. Limbic Encephalitis

8.4. Status Epilepticus

8.5. Infantile Spasms

8.6. Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome

8.7. Childhood Absence Epilepsy

8.8. Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

9. Infectious Diseases

9.1. HIV Dementia Complex

9.2. HIV-Associated Vacuolar Myelopathy

9.3. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

9.4. Ramsay Hunt Syndrome

9.5. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

9.6. Tuberculous Meningitis

9.7. Bacterial Meningitis

9.8. Intracerebral Abscess

9.9. Spinal Epidural Abscess

9.10. Neurocysticercosis

9.11. Toxoplasmosis

9.12. Aspergillosis

9.13. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

10. Neurodegenerative Diseases

10.1. Alzheimer’s Disease

10.2. Frontotemporal Dementia

10.3. Huntington’s Disease

10.4. Parkinson’s Disease

10.5. Multiple System Atrophy

10.6. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

10.7. Corticobasal Degeneration

10.8. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

10.9. Wilson’s Disease

10.10. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

11. Toxic/Metabolic Disorders

11.1. Central Pontine Myelinolysis

11.2. Familial Cerebrovascular Ferrocalcinosis

11.3. Hepatic Encephalopathy

11.4. Cerebellar Atrophy

11.5. Cyclosporin Toxicity

11.6. Heroin Leukoencephalopathy

11.7. Marchiafava–Bignami Disease

11.8. B12 Deficiency

11.9. Copper Deficiency Myelopathy

11.10. Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

11.11. Radiation Necrosis

11.12. Carbon Monoxide

11.13. Transient Signal Alterations in Splenium of Corpus Callosum

12. Pediatrics

12.1. Acute Cerebellar Ataxia

12.2. Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

12.3. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

12.4. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)

12.5. Septo-Optic Dysplasia

12.6. Aicardi Syndrome

12.7. Joubert’s Syndrome

12.8. Fabry’s Disease

12.9. Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration

12.10. Polymicrogyria

12.11. Rhombencephalosynapsis

12.12. Schizencephaly

12.13. Porencephaly

12.14. Colpocephaly

12.15. Holoprosencephaly

12.16. Lissencephaly

12.17. Hydranencephaly

12.18. Aqueductal Stenosis

12.19. Neurenteric Cyst

12.20. Diastematomyelia

12.21. Chiari I Malformation

12.22. Chiari II Malformation

12.23. Dandy–Walker Syndrome

12.24. Tethered Cord Syndrome

12.25. Vein of Galen Malformation

13. Neurocutaneous Syndromes

13.1. Neurofibromatosis Type 1

13.2. Neurofibromatosis Type 2

13.3. Sturge–Weber Syndrome

13.4. von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome

13.5. Tuberous Sclerosis

14. Trauma

14.1. Epidural Hematoma

14.2. Subdural Hematoma

14.3. Hemorrhagic Contusions

14.4. Diffuse Axonal Injury

14.5. Gunshot Wound

15. Miscellaneous

15.1. Behcet’s Disease

15.2. Neurosarcoidosis

15.3. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

15.4. Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome

15.5. Orbital Pseudotumor

15.6. Orbital Cavernous Venous Malformation

15.7. Dilated Perivascular Spaces

15.8. Fibrous Dysplasia of the Skull

15.9. Hyperostosis Frontalis

15.10. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

15.11. Intracranial Hypotension

15.12. Copper-Beaten Skull

15.13. Tension Pneumocephalus

15.14. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy

15.15. Spinal Disc Herniation

15.16. Ankylosing Spondylitis

15.17. Brain Herniation Syndromes

15.18. Brain Death

Index