Psycholinguistics

1 Introduction: Organism, Language and World.- Characterization of the field in which language becomes possible and necessary.- - Organism and environment.- - Language as stimulus.- - Language as response.- - Speaker and listener.- - Language as a system of signs.- - Development from a historical to a structural orientation in linguistics.- - Saussure's distinction between langue and parole.- - Carroll's definition of language.- - Linguistics and psycholinguistics..- 2 Sign, Expression and Symbol.- Bühler's organon model of the sign.- - Expression and language.- - Animal language and evolution of language.- - Langer's treatment of the tendency to symbolize.- - Meaning as representation.- - Behavioristic and neobehavioristic approaches to psycholinguistics..- 3 Linguistic Units.- Description of the speech event.- - Phonetics.- - Articulatory, acoustic and auditory approaches.- - The morpheme.- - Martinet's dual scheme of analysis.- - The phoneme.- - Distinctive feature analysis.- - Grammar as combinatorics of language.- - Chomsky's generative grammar..- 4 Language and Communication.- The concept of information.- - Sender, channel of communication, receiver.- - 'Bit' as unit of information.- - Continuous variation and discrete events.- - Capacity of communication.- - Classifying processes in speech perception.- - Liberman's motor theory of speech perception.- - Disturbance of speech perception through masking noise.- - Competition of speech events.- - The concept of channel capacity..- 5 The Probability Structure of Language.- Speech perception and probability of occurrence.- - Zipf's curve and its interpretation.- - Thorndike-Lorge frequency count.- - Coding processes in speech perception.- - Language as a Markov process.- - Approximations to genuine language..- - Transitional probabilities as determinants of the perception and learning of verbal material..- 6 Phenomenology of Verbal Associations.- From a sequential to an associationist viewpoint.- - The concept of association.- - Galton and Marbe.- - Association experiments and everyday verbal behavior.- - Norms of association and their range of application.- - Group and personality factors in the differentiation of verbal habits.- - Jung's investigations and Laffal's critique..- 7 The Mechanism' of Association.- Syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations.- - Association and context.- - Strength of verbal habits.- - Verbal 'relatedness' as an approach to the concept of meaning.- - Noble's attempt to quantify meaning..- 8 The Philosophical Background to Modern Psycholinguistics.- Meaning as inherent bipolar connection.- - The designating function of language.- - Adaequatio rei et intellectus.- - Language and meta-language.- - Empiricist criteria of truth.- - Pragmatism and operationalism.- - Between-world of meaning.- - Meaning as context.- - Role of language-user.- - Morris.- - Meaning as behavior..- 9 The Field Concept of Meaning.- Concept of a lexical field.- - Trier.- - Porzig's 'essential relations'.- - The conceptualization of associative meaning.- - Deese's investigations..- 10 Mediation Theories of Language Processes.- Chains of associations.- - Semantic generalization.- - Mediating associations.- - Bousfield's mediation theory.- - The mediation process in relation to classification and differentiation.- - Osgood's model.- - Emotional components of meaning.- - Semantic differential.- - Application and critique of the semantic differential.- - Denotation and connotation..- 11 The Conditioning Theory of Meaning: Its Achievement, Weakness and Further Development.- Experimental modification of meaning.- - Semantic satiation.- - Model of bilingualism.- - Mowrer's theory of the sentence.- - The negation of the meaning problem in Skinner.- - Operant conditioning of verbal behavior.- - Chomsky's critique of Skinner.- - Meaning as disposition.- - Bloomfield's conception of meaning as stimulus and response.- - A non-behavioristic cognitive conception of meaning..- 12 The Imitation of Sounds and Sound Symbolism.- Imitation of sounds as the germ of human speech.- - Humboldt's dichotomy.- - Evolution of onomatopoeia.- - Traces of sound symbolism in linguistic behavior.- - 'maluma' and 'takete'.- - Matching experiments in the mother tongue and an unknown second language.- - Concept of physiognomy.- - Werner's theory of symbol formation..- 13 The Psychological Reality of Grammar.- Limits of the Markov model.- - Concept of grammaticality.- - Linguistics and psycholinguistics.- - Effect of syntactical structure upon learning and retention.- - What functions as a unit?.- - Temporal characteristics of speech perception and speech production.- - Syntactical and lexical selection.- - Role of generative grammar in psycholinguistics.- - Johnson's hierarchical model.- - Lashley's view of the temporal organization of speech events.- - Plan and Impulsfigur.- - The concept of recoding.- - Miller's studies of transformations..- 14 Genetic and Child Psychology as a Testing Ground for Psycholinguistics.- Trial and error as a principle of language acquisition.- - Mowrer's autism-theory.- - 'Mama'.- - Language as part of the total dynamics of the child.- - Language as a link between practical events.- - The interaction of language and total situation.- - Language and thought in the work of Vigotsky.- - The role of consciousness.- - Meaning as awareness of constancy.- - Classification processes in language acquisition.- - The word as a 'lure to cognition'.- - Genesis of predication.- - The acquisition of linguistic rules.- - The role of imitation..- 15 The Influence of Language on Man's View of the World.- Semantic implications of grammatical word classes.- - The object-forming function of language.- - Formation of categories through language.- - Language as a teacher of discrimination and non-discrimination.- - Kinship terms as an illustration.- - Status and solidarity of address.- - Whorf and the thesis of linguistic relativity.- - Lenneberg's methodological argument.- - Color coding and its problems.- - Glanzer's verbal-loop hypothesis.- - Towards linguistic universals.- - General Semantics..- Author Index.