Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv The Handbook editors xvii Major contributors xix Part 1 COCHRANE REVIEWS 1 1 Introduction 3 Sally Green, Julian PT Higgins, Philip Alderson, Mike Clarke, Cynthia D Mulrow and Andrew D Oxman 2 Preparing a Cochrane review 11 Edited by Sally Green and Julian PT Higgins 3 Maintaining reviews: updates, amendments and feedback 31 Julian PT Higgins, Sally Green and Rob JPM Scholten 4 Guide to the contents of a Cochrane protocol and review 51 Edited by Julian PT Higgins and Sally Green Part 2 GENERAL METHODS FOR COCHRANE REVIEWS 81 5 Defining the review question and developing criteria for including studies 83 Edited by Denise O'Connor, Sally Green and Julian PT Higgins 6 Searching for studies 95 Carol Lefebvre, Eric Manheimer and Julie Glanville on behalf of the Cochrane Information Retrieval Methods Group 7 Selecting studies and collecting data 151 Edited by Julian PT Higgins and Jonathan J Deeks 8 Assessing risk of bias in included studies 187 Edited by Julian PT Higgins and Douglas G Altman on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group and the Cochrane Bias Methods Group 9 Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses 243 Edited by Jonathan J Deeks, Julian PT Higgins and Douglas G Altman on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group 10 Addressing reporting biases 297 Edited by Jonathan AC Sterne, Matthias Egger and David Moher on behalf of the Cochrane Bias Methods Group 11 Presenting results and 'Summary of findings' tables 335 Holger J Schünemann, Andrew D Oxman, Julian PT Higgins, Gunn E Vist, Paul Glasziou and Gordon H Guyatt on behalf of the Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods Group and the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group 12 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions 359 Holger J Schünemann, Andrew D Oxman, Gunn E Vist, Julian PT Higgins, Jonathan J Deeks, Paul Glasziou and Gordon H Guyatt on behalf of the Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods Group Part 3 SPECIAL TOPICS 389 13 Including non-randomized studies 391 Barnaby C Reeves, Jonathan J Deeks, Julian PT Higgins and George A Wells on behalf of the Cochrane Non-Randomised Studies Methods Group 14 Adverse effects 433 Yoon K Loke, Deirdre Price and Andrew Herxheimer on behalf of the Cochrane Adverse Effects Methods Group 15 Incorporating economics evidence 449 Ian Shemilt, Miranda Mugford, Sarah Byford, Michael Drummond, Eric Eisenstein, Martin Knapp, Jacqueline Mallender, David McDaid, Luke Vale and Damian Walker on behalf of the Campbell and Cochrane Economics Methods Group 16 Special topics in statistics 481 Edited by Julian PT Higgins, Jonathan J Deeks and Douglas G Altman on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group 17 Patient-reported outcomes 531 Donald L Patrick, Gordon H Guyatt and Catherine Acquadro on behalf of the Cochrane Patient Reported Outcomes Methods Group 18 Reviews of individual patient data 547 Lesley A Stewart, Jayne F Tierney and Mike Clarke on behalf of the Cochrane Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis Methods Group 19 Prospective meta-analysis 559 Davina Ghersi, Jesse Berlin and Lisa Askie on behalf of the Cochrane Prospective Meta-analysis Methods Group 20 Qualitative research and Cochrane reviews 571 Jane Noyes, Jennie Popay, Alan Pearson, Karin Hannes and Andrew Booth on behalf of the Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group 21 Reviews in public health and health promotion 593 Edited by Rebecca Armstrong, Elizabeth Waters and Jodie Doyle 22 Overviews of reviews 607 Lorne A Becker and Andrew D Oxman Index 633