Urticaria

1 The Spectrum of Urticaria.- 1.1 Historical Aspects.- 1.2 Definition and Classification.- 1.3 Pathogenesis.- 1.4 Epidemiology.- 1.5 Clinical Aspects.- 1.5.1 Cutaneous Manifestations.- 1.5.2 Extracutaneous Symptoms.- 1.5.3 Anaphylaxis.- 1.5.4 Serum Sickness.- 1.6 Clinical Aspects of Intolerance Reactions.- 2 Causes of Urticaria.- 2.1 General Aspects.- 2.2 Allergic Urticaria.- 2.2.1 Pathomechanisms.- 2.2.2 Routes of Elicitation.- 2.2.3 Drugs.- 2.2.4 Inhalent Allergens.- 2.2.5 Food.- 2.3 Pseudoalleles.- 2.3.1 Definitions.- 2.3.2 Classification and Frequency.- 2.3.3 Epidemiology.- 2.4 Infections and Infestations.- 2.5 Internal Diseases.- 2.6 Hormones and Hormonal Dysfunctions.- 2.7 Neurologic and Psychological Factors.- 2.8 Stinging Insects and Plants.- 3 Acute and Chronic Urticaria.- 3.1 Definition.- 3.2 General Aspects.- 3.3 Epidemiology.- 3.4 Acute Urticaria.- 3.4.1 Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects.- 3.4.2 Therapy.- 3.5 Chronic Urticaria.- 3.5.1 Clinical Aspects and Diagnosis.- 3.5.2 Therapy.- 4 Angioedema.- 4.1 Definition.- 4.2 Epidemiology.- 4.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.3.1 Cutaneous Symptoms.- 4.3.2 Extracutaneous Symptoms.- 4.4 Course and Prognosis.- 4.5 Diagnosis.- 4.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 4.7 Therapy.- 5 Physical Urticaria.- 5.1 General Aspects.- 5.1.1 Definition and Classification.- 5.1.2 Epidemiology.- 5.1.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 5.1.4 Diagnosis.- 5.1.5 Therapy.- 5.2 Dermographic Urticaria.- 5.2.1 Definition.- 5.2.2 Epidemiology.- 5.2.3 Clinical Aspects.- 5.2.4 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis.- 5.2.5 Associated Symptoms and/or Diseases.- 5.2.6 Therapy.- 5.3 Delayed Pressure Urticaria.- 5.3.1 Definition.- 5.3.2 Epidemiology.- 5.3.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 5.3.4 Associated Diseases.- 5.3.5 Diagnosis.- 5.3.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.3.7 Therapy.- 5.4 Cold Urticaria.- 5.4.1 Definition and Classification.- 5.4.2 Epidemiology.- 5.4.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 5.4.4 Associated Diseases.- 5.4.5 Diagnosis.- 5.4.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.4.7 Therapy.- 5.5 Heat Contact Urticaria.- 5.5.1 Definition and Causes.- 5.5.2 General Aspects.- 5.5.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 5.5.4 Associated Diseases.- 5.5.5 Diagnosis.- 5.5.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.5.7 Prognosis.- 5.5.8 Therapy.- 5.6 Solar Urticaria.- 5.6.1 General Aspects.- 5.6.2 Clinical Manifestations.- 5.6.3 Diagnosis.- 5.6.4 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.6.5 Therapy.- 6 Cholinergic Urticaria.- 6.1 Definition.- 6.2 Epidemiology.- 6.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 6.4 Associated Diseases.- 6.5 Diagnosis.- 6.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 6.7 Related Diseases.- 6.8 Therapy.- 7 Contact Urticaria.- 7.1 Definition.- 7.2 Epidemiology.- 7.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 7.4 Different Types of Contact Urticaria.- 7.4.1 Allergic Contact Urticaria.- 7.4.2 Non-Allergic Contact Urticaria..- 7.4.3 Substances with Unknown Mechanisms of Action..- 7.5 Diagnosis.- 7.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 7.7 Associated Diseases.- 7.8 Therapy.- 7.9 Latex Allergy.- 7.9.1 Preparation and Use of Latex.- 7.9.2 Epidemiology.- 7.9.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 7.9.4 Predisposing Factors.- 7.9.5 Characterization of Latex Allergens.- 7.9.6 Diagnostic Procedures.- 7.9.7 Cross Reactions.- 7.9.8 Therapy.- 7.10 AquagenicUrticaria.- 8 Urticarial Vasculitis Syndrome.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Epidemiology.- 8.3 Clinical Manifestation.- 8.4 Diagnosis.- 8.5 Associated Diseases.- 8.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 8.7 Therapy.- 9 Mastocytosis (Urticaria Pigmentosa).- 9.1 Definition.- 9.2 Epidemiology.- 9.3 Clinical Manifestations.- 9.3.1 Cutaneous Mastocytosis.- 9.3.2 Systemic Mastocytosis.- 9.4 Symptomatology.- 9.5 Histology.- 9.6 Laboratory Findings.- 9.7 Diagnosis.- 9.8 Prognosis.- 9.9 Therapy.- 10 Diagnosis of Urticaria.- 10.1 Practical Approach.- 10.2 Tests for Allergy.- 10.2.1 General Aspects.- 10.2.2 Skin Tests for Type-I Allergies.- 10.2.3 Provocation Tests for Type-I Allergies.- 10.2.4 Laboratory Tests for Type-I Allergies.- 10.3 Diagnosis of Intolerance Reactions.- 10.4 Other Laboratory Tests.- 10.5 Differential Diagnosis.- 11 Urticaria Therapy.- 11.1 Basic Therapeutic Considerations.- 11.2 Treatment of Causes.- 11.2.1 Removing or Avoidance of the Cause.- 11.2.2 Dietary Management of Chronic Urticaria Due to Pseudoallergens.- 11.2.2.1 Practical Guidelines for the Dietary Avoidance of Pseudoallergens.- 11.2.3 Specific Immunotherapy.- 11.3 Mast Cell-Directed Therapy.- 11.4 Therapy at the Target Organ.- 11.4.1 Antihistamines.- 11.4.2 Further Therapeutic Possibilities.- 11.5 Prophylactic Therapy.- 11.6 Emergency Treatment.- A Urticaria Questionnaire.- B Urticaria Diary.- C Test Protocol: Physical Urticaria.- D1 Low Pseudoallergen Diet.- D2 Expansion of the Low Pseudoallergen Diet After Freedom of Symptoms Has Been Obtained.- E Low Pseudoallergen Diet - Suggestions for Recipes.