Visual Fields

Part 1 Introduction: definition of the visual field; extent of the normal visual field; island of vision; presentation of visual field data; why do we measure the visual field?; units of measurement. Part 2 Psychophysics: background luminance; stimulus size; stimulus presentation time; stimulus speed of movement; colour of stimulus; psychological factors, the frequency of seeing curve. Part 3 Strategies used in examining the visual field: kinetic examination strategies; static examination strategies. Part 4 Specialized strategies for examining the visual field: Amsler's charts; confrontation test; high pass resolution perimetry; oculokinetic perimetry. Part 5 Extraneous factors affecting the visual field: the effect of age upon the visual field; pupil size; refractive error and defocus; correcting lens artefact; eyelid, eyelashes and eyebrow; accuracy of fixation; fixation targets; provision of an audible tone prior to stimulus presentation; patient experience - the learning effect; fatigue effects; lens and media opacities; aphakia; angioscotoma; functional field loss (malingering and hysteria); adaptation. Part 6 Visual pathways: the retina; the optic nerve; the chiasma; the optic tracts; the lateral geniculate body; the optic radiations; the visual cortex; the differential diagnosis of visual field defects. Part 7 Glaucoma: glaucomatous field defects; variability of field loss; differences between low-tension and high-tension glaucomas. Part 8 Screening for visual field loss: the design of visual field screening tests; position of stimuli; number of stimuli; pass/fail criteria. Part 9 Quantification of visual field data: introduction and the value of quantification; variability; evaluating quantification systems; the development of quantification systems; types of quantification system. Part 10 Practical advice on how to conduct a visual examination: procedure to be adopted prior to any visual field examination; kinetic strategy for wall-mounted tangent screens (central 30 degrees); kinetic strategy for bowl perimeters; static suprathreshold examination - multiple stimulus, single stimulus; static full threshold perimetry; establishing the threshold prior to a threshold-related suprathreshold strategy. Part 11 Visual field instruments: Bjerrum screen; Dicon TKS4000; Fincham Sutcliffe screener; Friedmann visual field analyzer mark I and mark II; Goldmann bowl perimeter; Henson CFS2000 and CFA3000; Humphrey visual field analyzer; Octopus perimeters; Kowa AP-125 and AP-340.