Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes

Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes Physical, Chemical, and Biological David W. Hendricks, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA Table of Contents FOUNDATION Water Treatment Water Treatment Organization of Water Treatment Knowledge Unit Processes Treatment Trains Design Summary Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Water Contaminants Water Quality: Definitions Federal Laws Maturation of Water Quality Knowledge Categorizations of Contaminant Species Utility of Water Quality Data Combinations of Quality of Source Waters and Product Waters Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 2.A: Organic Carbon as a Contaminant Glossary References Models Unit Processes Models Modeling Protocol Units and Dimensions Examples of Models Summary Problems Glossary References Unit Process Principles Unit Processes Principles Reactors Kinetic Models Problems Glossary References PARTICULATE SEPARATIONS Screening Theory of Screening Types of Screens Bar Screens Comminutors Fine Screens Microscreens Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Sedimentation Key Notions in Design Particle Settling Settling Basins Characterizing Suspensions Flocculent Suspensions (Type II) Hindered and Compression Settling (Type III and Type IV Suspensions) Hydraulics of Settling Basins Design Practice Real Basins Plate Settlers and Tube Settlers Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Grit Chambers Grit Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers Aerated Grit Chambers Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Flotation Development of Flotation DAF System Description Principles of DAF Flotation Practice Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES Coagulation Coagulation in a Nutshell Particles in Ambient Waters Chemistry Double Layer Theory Trivalent Metal Ions: Reactions with Water Synthetic Aluminum Polymers Zeta Potential, Charge Density, and Streaming Current Potential Physical Models Polymers Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Mixing Definitions and Applications History of Mixing Theory of Mixing Mixing Technologies Summary Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Bibliography Flocculation Definitions Applications History Theory of Flocculation Design Proprietary Technologies Summary Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 11.A Derivation of Camp and Stein G for Three-Dimensional Cube Glossary References Rapid Filtration Description of Rapid Filtration Development of Rapid Filtration Theory Design Operation Pilot Plants Wastewater Filtration Proprietary Equipment Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 12.A-Filtration in New York Glossary References Slow Sand Filtration Description Slow Sand as a Process Design Pilot Plant Studies Operation Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Cake Filtration Description Cake Filtration Process Design Operation Pilot Plant Studies Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References MOLECULES AND IONS Adsorption Description Adsorption Process Theory Laboratory and Pilot Plant Studies Design Operation and Costs Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 15.A: Freundlich Isotherm Coefficients Glossary References Further Readings Ion-Exchange Description Ion-Exchange Theory Design Operation Studies Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 16.A: Ion-Exchange Conversions Glossary References Bibliography Membrane Processes Description History Theory Design Operation Pilot Plants Case Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Gas Transfer Description Gas Transfer Theory Design Case Studies Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 18.A: Onda Coefficients Glossary References Disinfection Fundamentals History Theory Design Operation Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Oxidation Description Oxidation Theory Practice Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Further Reading Precipitation Description Precipitation Theory Practice Problems Acknowledgment Glossary References BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Biological Processes Background Cell Metabolism Biological Treatment Overview Cell Yield Kinetics of Biological Reactions Summary Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 22.A: Proteins Appendix 22.B: Michaelis-Menten Equation Glossary References Biological Reactors Biological Reactor Spectrum Activated Sludge Biofilm Reactors Anaerobic Reactors Summary Problems Appendix 23.A: Biofilm Reactor Model Glossary References Pre Appendix Quick Reference Tables for Constants and Unit Conversions Appendix A: International System of Units Appendix B: Physical Constants and Physical Data Appendix C: Miscellaneous Relations Appendix D: Fluid Mechanics-Reviews of Selected Topics Appendix E: Porous Media Hydraulics Appendix F: Alum Data and Conversions Appendix G: Dimensionless Numbers Appendix H: Dissolved Gases Index