Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix
For Chemical Reactions and Molecular Energy
2nd Edition
Published on 1. August 1988
Book
Hardback
434 pages
978-0-306-40785-7 (ISBN)
Description
At a recent meeting to discuss the domains of cell biology, I put forth a case for the extracellular matrix, even though my argument ran the risk of falling on deaf ears. After all, the matrix is EXTRAcellular, outside the cells. In this book, however, the authors make a compelling case for the relevance of the matrix to cellular concerns. Not only are numerous cell types, including many epithelia, quite caught up in the business of manufacturing matrix components, but also most of them contain matrix molecules in exoskeletons that are attached to the plasmalemma and that organize or otherwise influence the affairs of the cyto- plasm. The idea of this book is to present the extracellular matrix to cell biolo- gists of all levels. The authors are active and busy investigators, recognized experts in their fields, but all were enthusiastic about the prospect of writing for this audience. The chapters are not "review" articles in the usual sense, nor are they rehashes of symposium talks; they were written specifically for this book and they present the "state of the art" in engaging style, with ample references to more technical or historical reviews.
The book is rich in electron micro- graphs and diagrams and for many of the latter, as well as for the design of the cover, we are indebted to Sylvia J. Keene, medical illustrator for the Department of Anatomy at Harvard Medical Scrool. We also owe special thanks to Susan G.
The book is rich in electron micro- graphs and diagrams and for many of the latter, as well as for the design of the cover, we are indebted to Sylvia J. Keene, medical illustrator for the Department of Anatomy at Harvard Medical Scrool. We also owe special thanks to Susan G.
More details
Edition
2nd Revised edition
Language
English
Place of publication
Dordrecht
Netherlands
Publishing group
Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Target group
College/higher education
Professional and scholarly
Edition type
Revised edition
Illustrations
147 black & white illustrations, 1 colour illustrations, biography
Weight
3 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-306-40785-7 (9780306407857)
Copyright in bibliographic data is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or its licensors: all rights reserved.
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Content
Introductory Remarks.- I. What is Extracellular Matrix?.- 1 Collagen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Collagen Molecule.- 2.1. Triple-Helical Region.- 2.2. Non-Triple-Helical Region.- 3. Posttranslational Modifications.- 3.1. Proline.- 3.2. Lysine.- 4. Molecular Arrangement in Native Fibrils.- 5. Procollagen.- 6. Genetic Types of Collagen.- 6.1. The Interstitial Collagens: Types I, II, and III.- 6.2. Collagen Types IV and V.- 7. Immunology of Collagen.- 7.1. Conventional Antibodies.- 7.2. Monoclonal Antibodies.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Proteoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cartilage Proteoglycans.- 2.1. Structure.- 2.2. Assembly, Secretion, and Aggregation.- 2.3. Functional Aspects.- 3. Proteoglycans in Other Tissues.- 3.1. Aorta.- 3.2. Corneal Stroma.- 3.3. Ovarian Follicular Fluid.- 3.4. Basal Lamina.- 3.5. Plasma Membranes.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Elastin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of Elastin.- 3. Solubilization of Elastin.- 3.1. Chemical.- 3.2. Enzymatic.- 4. Mechanical Properties.- 5. Morphology and Distribution.- 6. Amino Acid Composition.- 7. Cross-Linking.- 8. Soluble Elastins.- 8.1. Tropoelastin.- 8.2. Relationship of Tropoelastin to Insoluble Elastin.- 8.3. Peptide Models of Tropoelastin.- 8.4. Other Soluble Elastins.- 8.5. Sequencing of Tropoelastin.- 8.6. Antigenicity of Elastin and Its Derivatives.- 8.7. Cell-Free Translations.- 9. Microfibrils.- 10. Formation of Elastin in Cell and Organ Cultures.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Fibronectin and Other Structural Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fibronectin.- 2.1. Types of Fibronectin.- 2.2. Location of Fibronectin.- 2.3. Molecular Properties of Fibronectin.- 2.4. Specific Structural and Functional Domains.- 2.5. Cell Receptor for Fibronectin.- 2.6. Biosynthesis of Fibronectin.- 3. Laminin.- 4. Chondronectin.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- II. How Do Cells Produce the Matrix?.- 5 Proteoglycan Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Core Protein.- 2.1. Variation in Structure of Core Protein.- 2.2. Cell-Free Synthesis of Core Protein.- 3. Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate.- 3.1. Chain Initiation.- 3.2. Synthesis of Galactosyl-Xylosyl Protein Linkage.- 3.3. Completion of Linkage Region.- 3.4. Chain Elongation.- 3.5. Sulfation.- 3.6. Chain Termination.- 4. Keratan Sulfate Synthesis.- 5. Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis.- 6. Study of Proteoglycan Synthesis in Vivo.- 6.1. Sulfate Incorporation.- 6.2. Measurement of Core Protein.- 6.3. Measurement of Xylosyltransferase.- 6.4. Use of Xylosides.- 7. Control and Localization of Synthesis of Matrix Components.- 7.1. Control of Synthesis of Matrix Components.- 7.2. Localization of Proteoglycan Synthesis, Secretion, and Aggregation.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 Collagen Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Procollagens.- 3. Collagen Gene Structure and Regulation of mRNA Levels.- 3.1. Synthesis and Cloning of Collagen cDNA Probes.- 3.2. Isolation of Collagen Gene Fragments from Genomic Libraries.- 3.3. Structure of a Collagen Gene.- 3.4. Regulation of Collagen mRNA Levels.- 4. Cotranslational and Posttranslational Modifications of Intracellular Procollagen.- 4.1. Cell-Free Translation of Collagen mRNA.- 4.2. Intracellular Location of Posttranslational Modifications.- 4.3. Hydroxylation of Prolyl and Lysyl Residues.- 4.4. Disulfide-Bond Formation and Triple-Helix Formation.- 4.5. Glycosylation of Hydroxylysyl Residues.- 4.6. Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues in Propeptides.- 5. Intracellular Transport of Procollagen.- 5.1. The Role of the Golgi Complex in Procollagen Processing and Packaging.- 5.2. The Packaging of Procollagen Aggregates in Secretory Granules.- 6. Extracellular Processing of Procollagen.- 6.1. Procollagen Proteases.- 6.2. Dermatosparaxis-Introductory Remarks.- I. What is Extracellular Matrix?.- 1 Collagen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Collagen Molecule.- 2.1. Triple-Helical Region.- 2.2. Non-Triple-Helical Region.- 3. Posttranslational Modifications.- 3.1. Proline.- 3.2. Lysine.- 4. Molecular Arrangement in Native Fibrils.- 5. Procollagen.- 6. Genetic Types of Collagen.- 6.1. The Interstitial Collagens: Types I, II, and III.- 6.2. Collagen Types IV and V.- 7. Immunology of Collagen.- 7.1. Conventional Antibodies.- 7.2. Monoclonal Antibodies.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Proteoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cartilage Proteoglycans.- 2.1. Structure.- 2.2. Assembly, Secretion, and Aggregation.- 2.3. Functional Aspects.- 3. Proteoglycans in Other Tissues.- 3.1. Aorta.- 3.2. Corneal Stroma.- 3.3. Ovarian Follicular Fluid.- 3.4. Basal Lamina.- 3.5. Plasma Membranes.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Elastin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of Elastin.- 3. Solubilization of Elastin.- 3.1. Chemical.- 3.2. Enzymatic.- 4. Mechanical Properties.- 5. Morphology and Distribution.- 6. Amino Acid Composition.- 7. Cross-Linking.- 8. Soluble Elastins.- 8.1. Tropoelastin.- 8.2. Relationship of Tropoelastin to Insoluble Elastin.- 8.3. Peptide Models of Tropoelastin.- 8.4. Other Soluble Elastins.- 8.5. Sequencing of Tropoelastin.- 8.6. Antigenicity of Elastin and Its Derivatives.- 8.7. Cell-Free Translations.- 9. Microfibrils.- 10. Formation of Elastin in Cell and Organ Cultures.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Fibronectin and Other Structural Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fibronectin.- 2.1. Types of Fibronectin.- 2.2. Location of Fibronectin.- 2.3. Molecular Properties of Fibronectin.- 2.4. Specific Structural and Functional Domains.- 2.5. Cell Receptor for Fibronectin.- 2.6. Biosynthesis of Fibronectin.- 3. Laminin.- 4. Chondronectin.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- II. How Do Cells Produce the Matrix?.- 5 Proteoglycan Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Core Protein.- 2.1. Variation in Structure of Core Protein.- 2.2. Cell-Free Synthesis of Core Protein.- 3. Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate.- 3.1. Chain Initiation.- 3.2. Synthesis of Galactosyl-Xylosyl Protein Linkage.- 3.3. Completion of Linkage Region.- 3.4. Chain Elongation.- 3.5. Sulfation.- 3.6. Chain Termination.- 4. Keratan Sulfate Synthesis.- 5. Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis.- 6. Study of Proteoglycan Synthesis in Vivo.- 6.1. Sulfate Incorporation.- 6.2. Measurement of Core Protein.- 6.3. Measurement of Xylosyltransferase.- 6.4. Use of Xylosides.- 7. Control and Localization of Synthesis of Matrix Components.- 7.1. Control of Synthesis of Matrix Components.- 7.2. Localization of Proteoglycan Synthesis, Secretion, and Aggregation.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 Collagen Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Procollagens.- 3. Collagen Gene Structure and Regulation of mRNA Levels.- 3.1. Synthesis and Cloning of Collagen cDNA Probes.- 3.2. Isolation of Collagen Gene Fragments from Genomic Libraries.- 3.3. Structure of a Collagen Gene.- 3.4. Regulation of Collagen mRNA Levels.- 4. Cotranslational and Posttranslational Modifications of Intracellular Procollagen.- 4.1. Cell-Free Translation of Collagen mRNA.- 4.2. Intracellular Location of Posttranslational Modifications.- 4.3. Hydroxylation of Prolyl and Lysyl Residues.- 4.4. Disulfide-Bond Formation and Triple-Helix Formation.- 4.5. Glycosylation of Hydroxylysyl Residues.- 4.6. Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues in Propeptides.- 5. Intracellular Transport of Procollagen.- 5.1. The Role of the Golgi Complex in Procollagen Processing and Packaging.- 5.2. The Packaging of Procollagen Aggregates in Secretory Granules.- 6. Extracellular Processing of Procollagen.- 6.1. Procollagen Proteases.- 6.2. Dermatosparaxis-Introductory Remarks.- I. What is Extracellular Matrix?.- 1 Collagen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Collagen Molecule.- 2.1. Triple-Helical Region.- 2.2. Non-Triple-Helical Region.- 3. Posttranslational Modifications.- 3.1. Proline.- 3.2. Lysine.- 4. Molecular Arrangement in Native Fibrils.- 5. Procollagen.- 6. Genetic Types of Collagen.- 6.1. The Interstitial Collagens: Types I, II, and III.- 6.2. Collagen Types IV and V.- 7. Immunology of Collagen.- 7.1. Conventional Antibodies.- 7.2. Monoclonal Antibodies.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Proteoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cartilage Proteoglycans.- 2.1. Structure.- 2.2. Assembly, Secretion, and Aggregation.- 2.3. Functional Aspects.- 3. Proteoglycans in Other Tissues.- 3.1. Aorta.- 3.2. Corneal Stroma.- 3.3. Ovarian Follicular Fluid.- 3.4. Basal Lamina.- 3.5. Plasma Membranes.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Elastin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of Elastin.- 3. Solubilization of Elastin.- 3.1. Chemical.- 3.2. Enzymatic.- 4. Mechanical Properties.- 5. Morphology and Distribution.- 6. Amino Acid Composition.- 7. Cross-Linking.- 8. Soluble Elastins.- 8.1. Tropoelastin.- 8.2. Relationship of Tropoelastin to Insoluble Elastin.- 8.3. Peptide Models of Tropoelastin.- 8.4. Other Soluble Elastins.- 8.5. Sequencing of Tropoelastin.- 8.6. Antigenicity of Elastin and Its Derivatives.- 8.7. Cell-Free Translations.- 9. Microfibrils.- 10. Formation of Elastin in Cell and Organ Cultures.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Fibronectin and Other Structural Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fibronectin.- 2.1. Types of Fibronectin.- 2.2. Location of Fibronectin.- 2.3. Molecular Properties of Fibronectin.- 2.4. Specific Structural and Functional Domains.- 2.5. Cell Receptor for Fibronectin.- 2.6. Biosynthesis of Fibronectin.- 3. Laminin.- 4. Chondronectin.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- II. How Do Cells Produce the Matrix?.- 5 Proteoglycan Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Core Protein.- 2.1. Variation in Structure of Core Protein.- 2.2. Cell-Free Synthesis of Core Protein.- 3. Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate.- 3.1. Chain Initiation.- 3.2. Synthesis of Galactosyl-Xylosyl Protein Linkage.- 3.3. Completion of Linkage Region.- 3.4. Chain Elongation.- 3.5. Sulfation.- 3.6. Chain Termination.- 4. Keratan Sulfate Synthesis.- 5. Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis.- 6. Study of Proteoglycan Synthesis in Vivo.- 6.1. Sulfate Incorporation.- 6.2. Measurement of Core Protein.- 6.3. Measurement of Xylosyltransferase.- 6.4. Use of Xylosides.- 7. Control and Localization of Synthesis of Matrix Components.- 7.1. Control of Synthesis of Matrix Components.- 7.2. Localization of Proteoglycan Synthesis, Secretion, and Aggregation.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 Collagen Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Procollagens.- 3. Collagen Gene Structure and Regulation of mRNA Levels.- 3.1. Synthesis and Cloning of Collagen cDNA Probes.- 3.2. Isolation of Collagen Gene Fragments from Genomic Libraries.- 3.3. Structure of a Collagen Gene.- 3.4. Regulation of Collagen mRNA Levels.- 4. Cotranslational and Posttranslational Modifications of Intracellular Procollagen.- 4.1. Cell-Free Translation of Collagen mRNA.- 4.2. Intracellular Location of Posttranslational Modifications.- 4.3. Hydroxylation of Prolyl and Lysyl Residues.- 4.4. Disulfide-Bond Formation and Triple-Helix Formation.- 4.5. Glycosylation of Hydroxylysyl Residues.- 4.6. Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues in Propeptides.- 5. Intracellular Transport of Procollagen.- 5.1. The Role of the Golgi Complex in Procollagen Processing and Packaging.- 5.2. The Packaging of Procollagen Aggregates in Secretory Granules.- 6. Extracellular Processing of Procollagen.- 6.1. Procollagen Proteases.- 6.2. Dermatosparaxis-A Procollagen Processing Defect.- 7. Regulation of Collagen Synthesis.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Matrix Assembly.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Sequences Dictate Matrix Structure.- 3. Mechanism of Collagen Assembly.- 4. Thermodynamic Analysis of Assembly.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. Thermodynamics of Collagen Assembly.- 5. Kinetic Analysis of Assembly.- 5.1. General Considerations.- 5.2. Kinetics of Collagen Assembly.- 6. Ultrastructure of Matrix Aggregates.- 7. Ultrastructure of Collagen Assembly Intermediates.- 8. Cells Regulate the Multistep Assembly Process.- 9. Matrix Macrostructure and Function.- 10. Biomechanics.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 An Essay on Biological Degradation of Collagen.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Examples of Physiologic Removal of Collagen in Remodeling.- 1.2. Healing and Scarring.- 1.3. Influence of Tissue Structure on Collagen Removal.- 2. Characteristics of the Animal Collagenases.- 2.1. General Mode of Action.- 3. Substrate and Enzyme Specificity.- 3.1. Properties of the Cleavage-Site Region.- 3.2. Substrate Accessibility.- 3.3. Enzyme and Substrate Heterogeneity.- 4. Regulation of Collagenase.- 4.1. Inhibition and Stimulation of Active Enzyme.- 4.2. Activation of Latent Enzyme.- 4.3. Regulation of Collagenase-Producing Cells in Culture by Added Substances.- 4.4. Regulation by Cellular Interactions.- 5. Tissue Localization of Collagenase.- 6. Some Puzzles Remaining.- References.- III. What Does Matrix Do for Cells?.- 9 Glycosaminoglycans in Morphogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transitions in Glycosaminoglycans during Morphogenesis and Differentiation.- 2.1. Hyaluronate Synthesis and Removal.- 2.2. Transitions in Structure and Source of Sulfated Proteoglycans.- 3. Glycosaminoglycan-Containing Cell Surface Coats.- 3.1. Glycosaminoglycan-Cell Surface Interactions.- 3.2. Structure of Hyaluronate-Rich Cell Surface Coats.- 4. Glycosaminoglycans and Cell-Cell Interactions.- 5. Glycosaminoglycans and Cell Movement.- 5.1. Cell-Substratum Interactions.- 5.2. Hydrated Space Formation.- 6. Glycosaminoglycans and Cell Proliferation.- 7. Basal Lamina Glycosaminoglycans and Epithelial Morphogenesis.- 8. Stabilization of Phenotype by Extracellular Macromolecules.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10 Fibronectin and Its Relation to Cellular Structure and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Occurrence of Fibronectin in Vitro.- 2.1. Distribution.- 2.2. Arrangement.- 3. Functions of Fibronectin in Vitro.- 3.1. Adhesion and Morphology.- 3.2. Cytoskeletal Organization.- 3.3. Migration.- 3.4. Phagocytosis.- 3.5. Growth Control.- 3.6. Cellular Differentiation.- 4. Fibronectin Distribution in Vivo.- 5. Possible Functions of Fibronectin in Vivo.- 5.1. Fibronectin as a Molecule with Multiple Binding Sites.- 5.2. Possible Effects of Fibronectin on Cellular Behavior.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 11 The Glomerular Basement Membrane: A Selective Macromolecular Filter.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. What Are Basement Membranes and Where Are They Found?.- 1.2. What Is the Structure and Function of the Kidney Glomerulus?.- 2. Structural Organization of the GBM and Mesangial Matrix.- 3. Chemical Composition of the GBM.- 3.1. Background Information.- 3.2. Proteoglycans.- 3.3. Collagenous Components.- 3.4. Laminin.- 3.5. Fibronectin.- 3.6. Other Components.- 3.7. Comments on Techniques for Isolating the GBM.- 3.8. Summary of Nature and Location of GBM Components.- 4. What Do We Know about the Biosynthesis of GBM Components?.- 4.1. Which Glomerular Cells Make GBM Components?.- 4.2. Synthesis of Collagenous Peptides.- 4.3. Synthesis of GAG.- 4.4. Synthesis of Fibronectin and Laminin.- 5. What Do We Know about the Function of the GBM as a Filter?.- 5.1. Clearance Studies.- 5.2. Studies Using Electron-Dense Tracers.- 5.3. Nature and Location of Anionic Sites in Glomeruli.- 5.4. Role of GAG in the Permeability of the GBM to Macromolecules.- 5.5. What Are the Permeability Properties of the Lamina Densa?.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 12 Collagen and Embryonic Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tissue Interaction in the Developing Embryo.- 2.1. Mesenchymal-Epithelial Interactions.- 2.2. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions.- 2.3. Epithelial-Epithelial Interactions.- 3. Cell Shape, Growth, and Polarity in Vitro.- 4. Cell Adhesion and Migration.- 5. Dedifferentiation and Collagen Type Transitions.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.