Cardiovascular Biomaterials

1 Mechanical Properties of Arteries and Arterial Grafts.- Mechanical Properties of Arteries.- Structure of the Arterial Wall.- Wall Distensibility In Vivo.- Elastic Properties.- Viscoelastic Properties.- Effect of Age and Disease on Arterial Elasticity.- PET and PTFE Prostheses.- PET and PTFE Fabric Prostheses.- Expanded PTFE Prostheses.- Mechanical Properties of PET and PTFE Prostheses...- Compliance.- Long-Term Properties.- Biological Grafts.- Human Umbilical Vein Grafts.- Autogenous Vein Grafts.- Elastomeric Prostheses.- Conclusions.- 2 Blood Compatibility in Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Blood-Material Interactions.- Haemostasis and Thrombosis.- Natural and Artificial Surfaces.- Consequences of Blood Contact With Artificial Surfaces.- Role of Antithrombotic Agents.- Blood Gas Exchange in Extracorporeal Devices.- Gas Exchange.- Blood Flow.- Device Utilization.- Influence of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Blood Components.- Nature of Process.- Circuit Priming.- Microemboli.- Alteration to Blood Components.- 3 Collagen in Cardiovascular Tissues.- Collagen in Health and Disease.- The Collagen Molecule.- Biosynthesis.- The Procollagen Molecule.- Intracellular Event Leading to the Synthesis of Procollagen.- Translational, Co-translational and Early Post-translational Events.- Intracellular Translocation of Procollagen and Extrusion into the Extracellular Space.- Lysyl Oxidase.- Fibrillogenesis.- Collagen Metabolism.- Different Types of Collagen.- Type I Collagen.- Type III Collagen.- Type IV Collagen and Other Basement Membrane-Associated Macromolecules.- Type V Collagen.- Non-collagenous Proteins Associated with Basement Membranes.- Laminin.- Fibronectin.- Proteoglycans.- Continuum Between Cytoplasm and Extracellular Matrix...- Wound Healing.- Fibrosis.- Fibrotic Response to Implantation of Foreign Materials...- Collagen Degradation.- Crosslinking.- Intramolecular and Intermolecular Cross-links.- Collagen Composition of the Normal and Diseased Blood Vessel Wall.- Blood Vessels: Arteries and Veins.- Heart Valves.- Biomechanical Modulation of Connective Tissue Metabolism.- Collagen, Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis.- Collagen as a Biomaterial.- Crosslinking of Collagen by Glutaraldehyde.- Vascular Grafts.- Relationship Between Surface Charge of the Vascular Interface and Thrombosis.- Calcification of Vascular Tissues.- Mechanisms of Calcification.- Calcification of Collagen-Based Cardiovascular Prostheses.- 4 Biostability of Vascular Protheses.- Current Vascular Prostheses.- Unprocessed Biological Prostheses.- Processed Biological Prostheses.- The Synthetic or Alloplastic Prostheses.- Biological Response.- Biological Grafts.- PET Vascular Prostheses.- PTFE Vascular Prostheses.- Long-Term Failure Modes.- Processed Biological Prostheses.- PTFE.- PET Vascular Prostheses.- New Materials.- Processed Biological Prostheses.- New Synthetic Grafts.- Conclusion.- 5 Heart Valve Replacements: Problems and Developments.- Mechanical Valves.- Tissue Valves.- Conclusions.- 6 Cardiac Assist Devices.- Housing.- Diaphragm.- Valves.- Conduits.- Comphance Chamber.