Instructor's Review Copy for Prentice Hall Reference Guide

<i>Preface</i>

<b>TAB 1: FAQs & How To's</b>

<b> Question & Correct</b>

<b> Compare & Correct</b>

<b>TAB 2: Writing Processes</b>

<b> 1 Thinking About Writing</b>

a The Rhetorical Triangle

b Topic

c Audience

d Purpose

e Medium

<b> 2 Writing Processes and Strategies</b>

a Planning

b Thesis

c Drafting

d Organizing

e Collaborating

f Revising

g Editing and Proofreading

<b>3 Paragraphs</b>

a Unity

b Coherence

c Development

d Introductions and Conclusions

e Patterns of Organization

<b>4 Document Design</b>

a Principles of Document Design

b Incorporating Visuals

c Paper Preparation

d Multimedia Presentations

e Writing for the Web

<b>TAB 3: Writing for College and Career</b>

<b>5 Writing in the Disciplines</b>

a Writing for the Sciences

b Writing for the Social Sciences

c Writing for the Humanities

<b>6 Writing About Literature</b>

a Ways to Write about Literature

b Writing the Assignment

c Conventions in Writing about Literature

d Sample Literature Paper

<b>7 Critical Reading, Thinking, and Arguing</b>

a Reading Arguments Critically

b Finding an Arguable Topic

c Developing Arguments

d Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies

e Organizing Your Argument

f Sample Argument Paper

<b> 8 Visual Argument</b>

a Similarities and Differences Between Written and Visual Arguments

b Appeals in Visual Argument

c Logical Fallacies in Visual Argument

d Creating Visual Arguments

<b>9 Professional Writing</b>

a Memos

Sample Memo

b E-Mail

Sample E-mail

c Business Letters

Sample Letter

d Cover Letters

Sample Cover Letter

e Resumes

Sample Resumes

<b>10 Writing for Assessment</b>

a Developing Portfolios

b Writing Essay Exams

<b>TAB 4: Revising Sentences for Accuracy, Clarity, and Variety</b>

<b>11 </b><b>Comma Splices and Fused Sentences</b>

<b> </b>

a Comma Splices

b Fused or Run-On Sentences

<b>12 Subject-Verb Agreement</b>

a Singular and Plural Subjects

b Buried Subjects

c Compound Subjects

d <i>Or</i> and <i>Either/Or</i> in Subjects

e Clauses and Phrases as Subjects

f Indefinites as Subjects

g Collective Nouns and Amounts as Subjects

h Plural Words as Subjects

i Titles, Company Names, Words, and Quotations as Subjects

j Linking Verbs

k <i>There (is/are)</i>, <i>Here (is/are)</i>, and <i>It</i>

<i> </i>l <i>Who, Which, That,</i> and <i>One of</i> as Subjects

<b>13 Sentence Fragments</b>

a Unintentional Fragments

b Intentional Fragments

<b>14 </b><b>Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers</b>

a Dangling Modifiers

b Misplaced Modifiers

<b>15 </b><b>Parallel Constructions</b>

a Parallel Structure

b Faulty Parallelism

<b>16 </b><b>Consistency (Avoiding Shifts)</b>

a Shifts in Person or Number

b Shifts in Verb Tense

c Shifts in Tone

d Shifts in Voice (Active/Passive)

e Shifts in Discourse

<b>17 </b><b>Faulty Predication</b>

<b> </b>

<b>18 </b><b>Coordination and Subordination </b>

a Coordination

b Subordination

<b>19 </b><b>Sentence Clarity</b>

a Moving from Known (Old) to Unknown (New) Information

b Using Positive Instead of Negative Statements

c Avoiding Double Negatives

d Using Verbs Instead of Nouns

e Making the Intended Subject the Sentence Subject

f Using Active Instead of Passive Voice

<b>20 </b><b>Transitions</b>

a Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase

b Synonyms

c Pronouns

d Transitional Words and Phrases

e Transitions In and Between Paragraphs

<b>21 </b><b>Sentence Variety</b>

a Combining Sentences

b Adding Words

c Changing Words, Phrases, and Clauses

<b>TAB 5: Parts of Sentences</b>

<b>22 </b><b>Verbs</b>

a Verb Phrases

b Verb Forms

c Verb Tense

d Verb Voice (Active/Passive)

e Verb Mood

f Modal Verbs

<b>23 </b><b>Nouns and Pronouns</b>

a Nouns

b Pronouns

<b>24 </b><b>Pronoun Case and Reference</b>

a Pronoun Case

b Pronoun Reference

<b>25 </b><b>Adjectives and Adverbs</b>

a Adjectives and Adverbs

b <i>A/An/The</i>

c Comparisons

<b>26 </b><b>Prepositions</b>

a Common Prepositions

b Idiomatic Expressions

c Other Prepositions

<b>27 </b><b>Subjects</b>

<b> </b>

<b>28 </b><b>Phrases</b>

<b> </b>

<b> 29 Clauses </b>

a Independent Clauses

b Dependent Clauses

<b>30 </b><b>Essential and Nonessential Clauses and Phrases</b>

a Essential Clauses and Phrases

b Nonessential Clauses and Phrases

<b>31 </b><b>Sentences</b>

a Sentence Purposes

b Sentence Structures

<b>TAB 6: Style and Word Choice</b>

<b>32 </b><b>Style Versus Grammar</b>

<b>33 General and Specific Language</b>

a General Versus Specific Statements

b General Versus Specific Words

c Concrete Versus Abstract Words

<b>34 </b><b>Glossary of Usage</b>

<b> </b>

<b>35 Conciseness and Wordiness</b>

<b>36 Passive Versus Active Voice</b>

<b>37 </b><b>Unnecessary and Inappropriate Language</b>

a Cliches

b Pretentious Language

c Offensive Language

<b>38 </b><b>Appropriate Language</b>

a Standard English

b Levels of Formality

c Emphasis

d Denotation and Connotation

e Colloquialisms, Slang Terms, and Regionalisms

f Jargon and Technical Terms

<b>39 </b><b>Nonsexist Language</b>

a Alternatives to <i>Man</i>

b Alternative Job Titles

c Alternatives to the Male or Female Pronoun

<b>TAB 7: Punctuation</b>

<b>40 </b><b>Commas</b>

a Commas in Compound Sentences

b Commas After Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clauses

c Commas with Essential and Nonessential Words, Phrases, and Clauses

d Commas in Series and Lists

e Commas with Adjectives

f Commas with Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names, and Numbers

g Other Uses for Commas

h Unnecessary Commas

<b>41 Apostrophes</b>

a Apostrophes with Possessives

b Apostrophes with Contractions

c Apostrophes with Plurals

d Unnecessary Apostrophes

<b>42 Semicolons</b>

a Semicolons in Compound Sentences

b Semicolons in a Series

c Semicolons with Quotation Marks

d Unnecessary Semicolons

<b>43 Colons</b>

a Colons to Announce Elements at the End of a Sentence

b Colons to Separate Independent Clauses

c Colons to Announce Quotations

d Colons in Salutations and Between Elements

e Colons with Quotation Marks

f Unnecessary Colons

<b>44 Quotation Marks</b>

a Quotation Marks with Direct and Indirect Quotations

b Quotation Marks for Minor Titles and Parts of Wholes

c Quotation Marks for Words

d Use of Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks

e Unnecessary Quotation Marks

<b>45 Hyphens</b>

a Hyphens to Divide Words

b Hyphens to Form Compound Words

c Hyphens to Join Word Units

d Hyphens to Join Prefixes, Suffixes, and Letters to a Word

e Hyphens to Avoid Ambiguity

<b>46 End Punctuation</b>

a Periods

b Question Marks

c Exclamation Points

<b>47 </b><b>Other Punctuation</b>

a Dashes

b Slashes

c Parentheses

d Brackets

e Ellipses (Omitted Words)

<b>TAB 8: Mechanics and Spelling</b>

<b>48 </b><b>Capitals</b>

<b> </b>

<b> 49 Abbreviations</b>

a Abbreviating Numbers

b Abbreviating Titles

c Abbreviating Place Names

d Abbreviating Measurements

e Abbreviating Dates

f Abbreviating Initials Used as Names

g Abbreviating Latin Expressions

h Abbreviating Documentation

<b>50 Numbers</b>

<b>51 Italics</b>

a Italics for Titles

b Italics for Other Uses

<b>52 Spelling</b>

a Proofreading

b Spell-Checkers

c Some Spelling Guidelines

d Plurals

e Sound-Alike Words (Homonyms)

<b>TAB 9: For Multilingual Writers</b>

<b>53 </b><b>American Style in Writing</b>

a American Style

b English Grammar vs. Grammar of Other Languages

c American English and World Englishes

d Web Sites for ESL Resources

<b> 54 Verbs</b>

a Verbs

b Helping Verbs with Main Verbs

c Two-Word (Phrasal) Verbs

d Verbs with <i>-ing</i> and <i>to+</i> Verb Forms

<b>55 Omitted and Repeated Words</b>

a Omitted Subjects

b Repeated Subjects

<b>56 Pronouns and Adverbs</b>

<b>57 </b><b>Count and Noncount Nouns</b>

<b>58 Adjectives and Adverbs</b>

a Order of Adverbs

b Order of Adjectives

c <i>A/An/The</i>

d <i>Some/Any, Much/Many, Little/Few, Less/Fewer, Enough, No</i>

<b>59 Prepositions</b>

<b>60 </b><b>Idioms</b>

<b>TAB 10: Research</b>

<b> 61 Finding a Topic</b>

<b> </b> a Deciding on a Purpose and Audience

b Deciding on a Topic

c Narrowing the Topic

d Formulating a Research Question

e Formulating a Thesis

<b>62 Choosing Primary and Secondary Sources</b>

<b> </b>a Primary Sources

b Secondary Sources

<b> 63 Searching Libraries and Library Databases </b>

<b> </b>a Libraries

b Library Databases and Subscription Services

<b>64 Using Web Resources</b>

a Internet Search Strategies

b Types of Internet Sources

<b>65 Conducting Firsthand Research</b>

a Observations

b Interviews

c Surveys

<b>66 Evaluating Sources</b>

a Getting Started

b Evaluating Authors' Credibility

c Evaluating Content

d Evaluating Internet Sources

<b>67 Collecting Information</b>

a Keeping Notes

b Printing and Annotating Photocopies and Printouts

c Writing an Annotated Bibliography

<b>68 Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism</b>

a Understanding Plagiarism

b Documenting Sources Responsibly

c Summarizing without Plagiarism

d Paraphrasing without Plagiarism

e Using Quotation Marks to Avoid Plagiarism

f Using Signal Words and Phrases to Integrate Sources

<b>69 Writing the Research Paper</b>

a Getting Started

b Planning and Organizing

c Writing a Draft

d Reviewing the Draft

e Revising, Editing, and Checking the Format

<b>TAB 11: MLA Documentation</b>

<b> 70 Documenting in MLA Style</b>

<b> </b>a In-Text Citations

b Notes

c Works Cited List

d Sample MLA-Style Research Paper

<b>TAB 12: APA, CM, and CSE Documentation</b>

<b> 71 Documenting in APA Style</b>

a In-Text Citations

b Footnotes

c References List

d Sample APA-Style Research Paper

<b>72 <i>Chicago Manual </i>(CM)Style</b>

<i> </i>a Numbered Notes

b Author-Date Citation Format

c Bibliography Entries

<b>73 Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style</b>

a Name-Year Style

b Citation Sequence Style

c References List

<b> 74 Resources for Other Styles</b>

<b><i>Glossary of Grammatical Terms</i></b>

<b><i>Index</i></b>