Aphids as Virus Vectors

?List of Contributors
Preface
Part I Aphid Vectors
Chapter 1. Worldwide Importance of Aphids as Virus Vectors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biology of the Major Groups of Aphids
1.3 Distribution of Aphids and the Viruses They Transmit
1.4 The Attributes of Aphids Most Affecting Their Abilities as Virus Vectors
1.5 The Physiological Condition of the Host
1.6 The Effects of Other Organisms
1.7 Weather, Aphids and Viruses
1.8 Aphids and Viruses for Weed Control
1.9 Sources of Information About Aphids
1.10 References
Chapter 2. Anatomy of An Aphid Vector: Myzus Persicae
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Alimentary Canal
2.3 Salivary Gland
2.4 Mesodermal Derivatives
2.5 Mycetome
2.6 Oenocytes
2.7 Circulatory System
2.8 Respiratory System
2.9 Nervous System
2.10 Reproductive System
2.11 References
Chapter 3. The Mouthparts and Feeding Mechanism of Aphids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Morphology of the Head and Organs of Ingestion
3.3 Mouthparts
3.4 Sucking Pump
3.5 Gustatory Sense Organs
3.6 Foregut
3.7 Esophageal Valve
3.8 References
Chapter 4. Aphid Penetration of Plant Tissues
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physical Aspects of Penetration
4.3 Physiological Aspects of Penetration
4.4 References
Part II Aphid-Borne Viruses
Chapter 5. Intrinsic Properties and Taxonomy of Aphid-Borne Viruses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Activities of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
5.3 Groups of Aphid-Transmitted Viruses
5.4 References
Chapter 6. Properties of an Aphid-Borne Virus: Pea Enation Mosaic Virus
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Properties of the Particles
6.3 Infectivity of Components of PEMV
6.4 Stabilization of PEMV Particles
6.5 Strains of PEMV
6.6 Discussion
6.7 References
Part III Transmission Mechanisms
Chapter 7. An Ingestion-Egestion Hypothesis of Noncirculative Virus Transmission
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nonpersistent, Noncirculative Transmission
7.3 Fitting the Ingestion-Egestion Hypothesis to Observable Transmission Characteristics
7.4 Ingestion-Egestion Transmission Mechanism and Control-Oriented Research
7.5 Circulative Transmission
7.6 Closing Remarks
7.7 Acknowledgments
7.8 References
Chapter 8. Accessory Factors in Nonpersistent Virus Transmission
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Helper Component Produced in Virus-Infected Plants
8.3 Polyamino Acid Induced Virus Transmission
8.4 Comparison of Helper Component and Polyamino Acid Mediated Transmission
8.5 Prospects
8.6 Acknowledgments
8.7 References
Chapter 9. Bimodal Transmission of Plant Viruses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics of Bimodal Transmission
9.3 Transmission of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) by Aphids
9.4 Properties and Transmission of Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV) by Aphids
9.5 A Discussion of Some Viruses That Are Believed to be Bimodally Transmitted by Aphids
9.6 Explanation of the Bimodal Transmission Phenomenon
9.7 Effects of Formaldehyde and Ultraviolet Irradiation on Bimodal Viruses
9.8 Location of a Bimodally Transmitted Virus (PBbMV) on Its Vector Stylets
9.9 Speculations on the Nature of Virus-Stylet Interaction
9.10 Acknowledgments
9.11 References
Chapter 10. Dependent Virus Transmission from Mixed Infections
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Examples of Dependent Transmission
10.3 Heterologous Encapsidation
10.4 Barley Yellow Dwarf
10.5 Potential of Heterologous Encapsidation in Nature
10.6 Perspectives
10.7 Acknowledgments
10.8 References
Part IV Technological Advances in Aphid-Virus Research
Chapter 11. An Electrical Measurement System for Studying Aphid Probing Behavior
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Description of the Measurement System
11.3 Noise
11.4 Grounding
11.5 Interpretation of the Results
11.6 References
Chapter 12. Radioisotopes in Aphid Research
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Application of Suitable Radioisotopes
12.3 Use of Radioisotopes to Indicate Penetration of Stylets into the Phloem and Beginning of Food Uptake
12.4 Ingestion of Radiotracers with Food
12.5 Excretion of Radioisotopes
12.6 Special Tracer Experiments with Aphids
12.7 Radiation Load and the Question of Radiation Damage
12.8 References
Chapter 13. Membrane Feeding Systems in Aphid Research
13.1 Introduction
13.2 An Up-to-Date List of Aphid Species Reared on Complex Diets
13.3 Chemical Formulations of Diets
13.4 Method of Preparing Diets and Sachets, and Using Simple Cages
13.5 Problems with Membrane-Feeding Systems and Interpretation of Results
13.6 Acknowledgments
13.7 References
Chapter 14. Aphid Cell Cultures
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Establishment of Aphid Cell Cultures
14.3 Uses of Aphid Cell Cultures in Virus Research
14.4 Other Uses of Aphid Cell Cultures
14.5 Prospects and Tasks for the Future
14.6 Acknowledgment
14.7 References
Part V Epidemiology of Aphid-Borne Viruses
Chapter 15. Aphids, Viruses, and The Yellow Plague
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Yellow Plague
15.3 Beet Western Yellows Virus
15.4 Discussion
15.5 References
Chapter 16. Epidemiology of Aphid-Borne Viruses
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biological Aspects
16.3 Physical Factors Affecting Virus Spread
16.4 Cultural Practices Influencing the Amount of Virus Spread
16.5 Concluding Remarks
16.6 References
Chapter 17. Plant Virus Epidemiology and Computer Simulation of Aphid Populations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Approaches to an Epidemiology of Plant Virus Diseases
17.3 Computer Simulation Models of Aphid Population Dynamics
17.4 A Computer Simulation Model of Plant Virus Epidemiology
17.5 Discussion
17.6 Acknowledgments
17.7 References
Part VI Promising Frontiers in Control-Oriented Research
Chapter 18. Oils and Other Inhibitors of Nonpersistent Virus Transmission
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Mode of Action of Oils on the Transmission of Viruses by Aphids
18.3 Properties of Oils Linked to the Inhibition of Virus Transmission by Aphids
18.4 Field Experiments with Oil Sprays to Prevent the Spread of Aphid-Borne Viruses
18.5 Other Inhibitors of Transmission of Nonpersistent Viruses
18.6 Conclusions
18.7 References
Chapter 19. Inhibition of Plant Virus Infections by Antiviral Agents
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Natural Source of Antiviral Agents
19.3 Synthetic Sources
19.4 Mechanism of Virus Inhibition
19.5 Recent Advance and Practical Applications
19.6 Summary and Conclusions
19.7 References
Chapter 20. Breeding Plants for Resistance to Aphid Infestation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Mechanisms of Plant Resistance
20.3 Obtaining Resistant Cultivars
20.4 Aphid Resistance and the Spread of Viruses
20.5 Concluding Remarks
20.6 References
Chapter 21. Resistance to the Aphid-Borne Viruses in the Potato
21.1 The Potato and Aphid-Borne Viruses
21.2 Types of Resistance
21.3 Testing for Resistance
21.4 Resistance to the Individual Viruses
21.5 The Aphid and Resistance: How Do They Relate?
21.6 What Is Resistance?
21.7 Resistance in Today's Perspective
21.8 And Tomorrow
21.9 Acknowledgments
21.10 References
Chapter 22. Aphid Pheromones
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Aggregation Pheromones
22.3 Alarm Pheromones
22.4 Aphid Sex Pheromones
22.5 Uses of Pheromones to Reduce Virus Spread by Aphids
22.6 Acknowledgments
22.7 References
Index