Energy Management Systems

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Electric energy systems.- 1.2 Power system engineering.- 1.3 Evolution of power system control technology.- 1.4 Control centre justification.- 1.4.1 Associated effort.- 1.4.2 Factors justifying a new control centre.- 1.4.3 Conclusions.- 2 System engineering aspects of power system operation.- 2.1 Classification.- 2.2 Time decomposition.- 2.2.1 Pre-dispatch.- 2.2.2 Dispatch.- 2.2.3 Post-dispatch.- 2.3 Network level decomposition.- 2.3.1 Transmission.- 2.3.2 Sub-transmission.- 2.3.3 Distribution.- 2.3.4 General remarks.- 2.4 Mode decomposition.- 2.4.1 Operation.- 2.4.2 Operational planning.- 2.5 Operation state decomposition.- 2.6 Activity decomposition.- 2.6.1 Power management.- 2.6.2 Network management.- 2.7 Control decomposition.- 2.7.1 Centralised control.- 2.7.2 Decentralised control.- 2.7.3 Centralised versus decentralised policy.- 2.8 User oriented decomposition.- 2.9 Analysis decomposition.- 2.9.1 Primary analysis functions.- 2.9.2 Secondary analysis functions.- 2.10 Control flow decomposition.- 3 Typical energy control centre functions.- 3.1 System monitoring and security.- 3.2 System economy.- 3.2.1 Minimum cost of operation.- 3.2.2 Minimum active power transmission losses.- 3.2.3 Minimum deviation from a specific operating point.- 3.2.4 Minimum number of controls scheduled.- 3.3 System control.- 3.4 Restorative control.- 4 Power system control centre: hardware structure.- 4.1 Overview.- 4.2 Remote terminal unit.- 4.3 Communication.- 4.4 The real-time computer system.- 4.4.1 Central processing unit.- 4.4.2 Computer memory system.- 4.4.3 Man-machine interface.- 4.5 Review of hardware structure for network control centres.- 4.5.1 The dual computer configuration.- 4.5.2 The front-end computer configuration.- 4.5.3 Triple configuration.- 4.5.4 The quad computer configuration.- 4.5.5 Distributed system configurations.- 4.6 Hardware design considerations.- 4.7 Hardware obsolescence.- 4.8 Performance of SCADA/EMS.- 5 Power system control centre: software structure.- 5.1 Overview.- 5.2 Data acquisition subsystem.- 5.2.1 Collection of data.- 5.2.2 Error checking and plausibility tests.- 5.2.3 Conversion to engineering units.- 5.2.4 Limit checking.- 5.2.5 Handling of alarms.- 5.3 Supervisory control subsystem.- 5.4 Real-time software environment.- 5.4.1 Operating system.- 5.4.2 Real-time traffic manager subsystem.- 5.5 Data base management system.- 5.5.1 Overview.- 5.5.2 Requirements.- 5.5.3 Software aspects.- 5.5.4 Structure of the data base.- 5.5.5 Storage and effort requirements.- 5.5.6 Access methods.- 5.5.7 Performance requirements.- 5.6 Man-machine interface.- 5.6.1 Importance.- 5.6.2 Human factors.- 5.6.3 Display formats.- 5.6.4 Features, design, requirements.- 5.7 Inter-utility communication subsystem.- 6 Power system control centre: dispatcher's activities.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Salient features of the operator activity.- 6.3 A conceptual model of the dispatcher's activity.- 6.4 Requirements.- 6.5 Trends in power dispatch operator's activity.- 7 Power system and dispatch training simulator.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Power system technological requirements.- 7.3 Functions of a training simulator.- 7.3.1 General functions.- 7.3.2 Specific functions.- 7.4 Modelling aspects.- 7.5 Different types of training simulators.- 7.5.1 Stand-alone version.- 7.5.2 Integrated version.- 7.5.3 Implementation.- 7.5.4 Economic considerations.- 7.6 Training scenarios and training sessions.- 7.7 Concluding remarks.- 8 Existing energy management systems.- 8.1 General remarks.- 8.2 Energy management systems in a US utility.- 8.2.1 System characteristics.- 2.2.2 The concept of hierarchical control.- 2.2.3 Enhanced control and security assessment.- 8.2.4 Implementation.- 8.3 Energy management systems in Germany.- 8.3.1 Introduction.- 8.3.2 Load-frequency control.- 8.3.3 Energy management systems.- 8.3.4 Concluding remarks.- 8.4 Energy management systems in developing countries.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Electrical characteristics of longitudinal power systems.- 8.4.3 Security assessment in longitudinal power systems.- 8.4.4 Concluding remarks.- 9 Project management of energy management systems.- 9.1 Overview.- 9.2 Stages in the implementation of a new control centre.- 9.2.1 Feasibility study.- 9.2.2 System justification.- 9.2.3 Functional requirements and preliminary specifications.- 9.2.4 Releasing the specification.- 9.2.5 Evaluating proposals.- 9.2.6 Negotiating a contract.- 9.2.7 Design specifications.- 9.2.8 Implementation and organisation.- 9.2.9 Training.- 9.2.10 System operation.- 9.3 A step-by-step plan for implementing a new control centre.- 9.3.1 Preliminary system design (pre-contract).- 9.3.2 Work statement.- 9.3.3 System design (post-contract).- 9.3.4 Detailed design specifications.- 9.3.5 Development.- 9.3.6 System integration and tests.- 9.3.7 System acceptance.- 9.4 Design, development, and maintenance of software.- 9.4.1 Software development phases.- 9.4.2 Concluding remarks.- 10 Expert systems for power system operation.- 10.1 Overview.- 10.2 Security monitoring and control.- 10.3 Definitions.- 10.4 Structure of the expert system.- 10.5 Possibilities and limits of expert systems.- 10.6 Applications.- 10.7 Conclusions.- References.