Release a Man for Combat
The Women"s Army Corps during World War II
1st Edition
Published on 3. December 2010
Book
Hardback
IX, 379 pages
978-3-412-20660-4 (ISBN)
Description
Die etwa 150.000 Frauen, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg im Women's Army Corps Dienst taten, waren die ersten regulären Soldatinnen der US-Armee. Um männliche Soldaten für den Kampf freizusetzen, arbeiteten sie auch in traditionellen Männerbereichen, etwa als Mechanikerinnen oder Pilotinnen in den USA, Afrika, Europa und Südostasien. Die Autorin geht den Erfahrungen dieser Frauen nach, den militärischen und zivilen Diskursen über Soldatinnen im Militär und dem Umgang der Armee mit soldatischer Weiblichkeit und weiblicher Sexualität. Anhand von Regierungsdokumenten, Kriegsgerichtsprozessen, aber auch Selbstzeugnissen, Gedichten und Songs zeigt M. Michaela Hampf, wie umkämpft die Konstruktion der Soldatin im Amerika der vierziger Jahre war und bis heute ist.
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Content
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Military Institutions and Gender
The Gendered Division of Labor in Military Institutions - Armed Civic
Virtue - Citizenship, Arms & Gender 11 - "Beautiful Souls" and
Martial Citizens - Women's Roles in Modern Wars - "Total War"
and the Mobilization of Women
1.2. Theoretical Concepts.
Power and Agency - Power Knowledge - Strategic Apparatus -
Gender
1.3 Methodological Approaches
1.4 Literature
Historical Perspectives on the Military - Studies on Gender and the
Military - Research on the WAAC and the WAC
1.5 Structure.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF THE WAAC/WAC
2.1 The WAAC and WAC Bills in Congress.
2.2 Training.
Basic Military Training - Specialist Training
2.3 Policies and Regulations.
2.4 Women Soldiers at Work.
2.5 Overseas Service
2.6 Demobilization and Integration
2.7 Combat: Drawing the Line
3. CONSTRUCTING THE WOMEN SOLDIER THROUGH
RECRUITING CAMPAIGNS, MEDIA COVERAGE AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
3.1 "Petticoat Army" or "Doughgirl Generalissimo"
3.2 "Release a Man to Fight".
Competition by Other Government Agencies - Quality or Quantity: The
Enlistment Standards - The "toughest sales problem in the country"
3.3 "Self-Sacrifice" v. "Self-Interest": WAAC Recruiting.
The Motifs of Motherhood, the Family, and Home - "I joined to serve my
country.and I'm having the time of my life!"
3.4 The "Slander Campaign".
3.5 "Guilt" v. "Glamour": WAC Recruiting.
The All-States-Campaign - The Attitude of Army Men - "Fighting
men and capable Wacs" - "Comforting Our Wounded Heroes"
3.6 Public Relations.
3.7 "Petticoat Soldiers": Ego-documents from the Field
Camp Newspapers Songs
4. DRESS CODES: THE WAAC UNIFORM
4.1 Military Uniforms
4.2 Symbolic Aspects: Planning and Design of the Uniform.
The Pre-Planning Process - A "neat and military appearance"
- Prêt-a-porter the Army Way
4.3. Material Aspects.
Clothing for "Women's work" Put to the Practical Test - Procurement
and Supply - The Overseas Experience
4.4 Publicity Crisis.
4.5 Technologies of the Self
5. "SUBJECTED TO THE COLORED RACE".
5.1 African American Wacs: Fighting on Two Fronts
African Americans and the War Effort: Some Socio-Economic Aspects
The Mobilization of African American Men - Political Pressure for
the Integration of African American Women - Recruiting of African
American Women - Segregation in the WAC - African American
Wacs Overseas - Assignment and Mal-Assignment - Protest:
Sit-Down Strike or Disobedience?
5.2 Japanese American Wacs
5.3 Puerto Rican Wacs
5.4 "First Class Citizenship"?
6. SEXUALITY.
6.1 Normalizing Practices
The Regulation of Respectability: Double Standards for Men and Women
Social Control: VD Policies for Wacs, Civilian Women and Servicemen -
Respectability and the Legitimacy of the Corps: The Code of Conduct and
WAC Regulations - Regulating the Unrespectable: Pregnancy, Abortion,
Maternity and Marriage - Patrolling Respectable Femininity: Anti-
Fraternization Policies
6.2 Homosexuality in the Armed Forces.
The "True Pervert," the "Criminal Sodomist" and the "Intoxicated or
Curious"
6.3 Exclusionary Practices
WAC Regulations and Procedures: In Search of "undesirable traits and
habits" - The "hierarchy of perversity": Class, Race, Practice,
Haircut - Homosociality and Lesbian Agency: The Fort Oglethorpe
Investigation
7. CONCLUSION: THE WAC BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL
INTEGRATION AND DISCURSIVE EXCLUSION
Acknowledgements.
Abbreviations.
Sources and Literature
A Note on Sources - Archival Sources - Published Sources
Secondary Works
1.1 Military Institutions and Gender
The Gendered Division of Labor in Military Institutions - Armed Civic
Virtue - Citizenship, Arms & Gender 11 - "Beautiful Souls" and
Martial Citizens - Women's Roles in Modern Wars - "Total War"
and the Mobilization of Women
1.2. Theoretical Concepts.
Power and Agency - Power Knowledge - Strategic Apparatus -
Gender
1.3 Methodological Approaches
1.4 Literature
Historical Perspectives on the Military - Studies on Gender and the
Military - Research on the WAAC and the WAC
1.5 Structure.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF THE WAAC/WAC
2.1 The WAAC and WAC Bills in Congress.
2.2 Training.
Basic Military Training - Specialist Training
2.3 Policies and Regulations.
2.4 Women Soldiers at Work.
2.5 Overseas Service
2.6 Demobilization and Integration
2.7 Combat: Drawing the Line
3. CONSTRUCTING THE WOMEN SOLDIER THROUGH
RECRUITING CAMPAIGNS, MEDIA COVERAGE AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
3.1 "Petticoat Army" or "Doughgirl Generalissimo"
3.2 "Release a Man to Fight".
Competition by Other Government Agencies - Quality or Quantity: The
Enlistment Standards - The "toughest sales problem in the country"
3.3 "Self-Sacrifice" v. "Self-Interest": WAAC Recruiting.
The Motifs of Motherhood, the Family, and Home - "I joined to serve my
country.and I'm having the time of my life!"
3.4 The "Slander Campaign".
3.5 "Guilt" v. "Glamour": WAC Recruiting.
The All-States-Campaign - The Attitude of Army Men - "Fighting
men and capable Wacs" - "Comforting Our Wounded Heroes"
3.6 Public Relations.
3.7 "Petticoat Soldiers": Ego-documents from the Field
Camp Newspapers Songs
4. DRESS CODES: THE WAAC UNIFORM
4.1 Military Uniforms
4.2 Symbolic Aspects: Planning and Design of the Uniform.
The Pre-Planning Process - A "neat and military appearance"
- Prêt-a-porter the Army Way
4.3. Material Aspects.
Clothing for "Women's work" Put to the Practical Test - Procurement
and Supply - The Overseas Experience
4.4 Publicity Crisis.
4.5 Technologies of the Self
5. "SUBJECTED TO THE COLORED RACE".
5.1 African American Wacs: Fighting on Two Fronts
African Americans and the War Effort: Some Socio-Economic Aspects
The Mobilization of African American Men - Political Pressure for
the Integration of African American Women - Recruiting of African
American Women - Segregation in the WAC - African American
Wacs Overseas - Assignment and Mal-Assignment - Protest:
Sit-Down Strike or Disobedience?
5.2 Japanese American Wacs
5.3 Puerto Rican Wacs
5.4 "First Class Citizenship"?
6. SEXUALITY.
6.1 Normalizing Practices
The Regulation of Respectability: Double Standards for Men and Women
Social Control: VD Policies for Wacs, Civilian Women and Servicemen -
Respectability and the Legitimacy of the Corps: The Code of Conduct and
WAC Regulations - Regulating the Unrespectable: Pregnancy, Abortion,
Maternity and Marriage - Patrolling Respectable Femininity: Anti-
Fraternization Policies
6.2 Homosexuality in the Armed Forces.
The "True Pervert," the "Criminal Sodomist" and the "Intoxicated or
Curious"
6.3 Exclusionary Practices
WAC Regulations and Procedures: In Search of "undesirable traits and
habits" - The "hierarchy of perversity": Class, Race, Practice,
Haircut - Homosociality and Lesbian Agency: The Fort Oglethorpe
Investigation
7. CONCLUSION: THE WAC BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL
INTEGRATION AND DISCURSIVE EXCLUSION
Acknowledgements.
Abbreviations.
Sources and Literature
A Note on Sources - Archival Sources - Published Sources
Secondary Works