American Legal History

PREFACE; 1. LAW IN THE MORNING OF AMERICA: THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN LAW, TO 1760; 1.1. The English Heritage and Magna Charta; 1.1.1. Magna Charta (1215); Note: Due Process and the Law of the Land; 1.1.1.2. Note: The Reformation and Tudor England; 1.2. The Virginia Colony; 1.2.1. Dale's Laws (1611); 1.3. The Beginnings of Constitutionalism in America; 1.3.1. The Mayflower Compact 1620; 1.3.2. John Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity" (1629); 1.3.2.1. Note: Roger Williams and Religious Liberty; 1.3.3. Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience (1644); 1.3.4. Roger Williams to The Town of Providence (1655); 1.3.5. The Laws of Liberties of Massachusetts (1648); 1.3.6. The Rhode Island Patent (1643); 1.3.6.1. Note: England's Civil War; 1.4. The Post-Restoration Colonial Governments; 1.4.1. The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669); 1.4.2. William Penn First Frame of Government (1682); 1.4.3. The New York Charter of Libertyes (1683); 1.5. The Glorious Revolution; 1.5.1. Note: The Case of the Seven Bishops (1688); 1.5.2. The English Bill of Rights (1689); 1.5.3. John Locke, "Of Civil Government" (1690); 1.6. The Sources of Law in America; 1.6.1. Note: Reception of the Common Law; 1.6.2. William Blackstone on Reception (1765); 1.6.3. Giddings v Brown (1657); 1.7. Law and Colonial Society; 1.7.1. Morality and Colonial Law; 1.7.1.1. "A Horrible Case of Beatiality," Plymouth Colony (1642); 1.7.2. Marriage, Women, and the Family; 1.7.2.1. William Blackstone on Women in the Eyes of the Law (1765); 1.7.2.1.1. Note: Women and the Law in the Colonial Era; 1.7.2.2. An Act of Concerning Feme-Sole Traders (1718); 1.7.2.3. Widows of New York and Taxes; 1.7.3. Children, Apprenticeship, Education; 1.7.3.1. Virginia Apprenticeship Statute (1646); 1.7.3.2. Children's Education in Plymouth (1685); 1.7.4. White Indentured Servitude; 1.7.4.1. In re Wm. Wootton and John Bradye (1640); 1.7.4.2. South Carolina Servant Regulations (1761); 1.7.5. Slavery; 1.7.5.1. In re John Punch (1640); 1.7.5.2. In re Emanuel (1640); 1.7.5.3. Re Mulatto (1656); 1.7.5.4. Re Edward Mozingo (1672); 1.7.5.5. Moore vs. Light (1673); 1.7.5.6. Against Runnaway Servants, Act XVI (1657-8); 1.7.5.7. How Long Servants Without Indentures Shall Serve, Act XVIII (1657-58); 1.7.5.8. An Act for the Dutch and All Other Strangers for Trading to the Place, Act XVI (1659-60); 1.7.5.9. Run-aways, Act CII (1661-62); 1.7.5.10. Negro Women's Children to Serve According to the Condition of the Mother Act XII (1662); 1.7.5.11. An Act Declaring That Baptisme of Slaves Doth not Exempt Them From Bondage, Act II (1667); 1.7.5.12. An Act About the Casual Killing of Slaves, Act I (1669); 1.7.5.13. An Act For Preventing Negro Insurrections, Act X (1680); 1.7.5.14. The Germantown Protest Against Slavery (1688); 1.7.5.15. South Carolina Slave Code (1740); 1.7.5.16. An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing [of] Negroes and Other Slaves in this Province (1740); 1.7.5.17. The New York "Negro Plot" (1741); 1.7.6. Colonial Welfare Systems; 1.7.6.1. An Act for the Relief of the Poor (1742); 1.7.6.1.1. Note: Colonial Workforce; 1.7.7. Class Legislation and Sumptuary Laws; 1.7.7.1. Note: Class and Status in Early America; 1.7.8. Democracy and Deference; 1.7.8.1. The Incident of the Roxbury Carters (1705); 1.7.9. Law and the Colonial Economy; 1.7.10. The Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648); 1.7.11. The Laws of South Carolina (1734); 1.8. Early Criminal Law; 1.8.1. The Salem Witch Trials (1692); 1.8.2. Increase Mather, Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men (1692); 1.8.3. Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World (1693); 1.9. Politics and Criminal Law: Toward a New America; 1.9.1. The Zenger Trial (1735); 2. LAW IN A REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION 1760-1815; 2.1. The American Revolution; 2.1.1. Jonathan Mayhew, "Unlimited Submission and Non-resistance to the Higher Powers" (1750); 2.1.1.1. Note: Litigation and the Coming of the Revolution; 2.1.2. James Otis, "The Rights of the British Colonies" (1764); 2.1.3. William Blackstone on the Imperial Constitution (1765); 2.1.4. The Declaratory Act (1766); 2.1.5. An Act for the Better Securing the Dependency of his Majesty's Dominions in America Upon the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain; 2.1.6. The Declaration and Resolves of the Continental Congress (1774); 2.1.7. Tom Paine, Common Sense (1776); 2.2. Republican State Constitutionalism; 2.2.1. The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776); 2.2.1.1. The People the Best Governors (1776); 2.2.2.1.1. Note: The Pennsylvania Constitution of (1776); 2.2.3. Slavery and the New Nation; 2.2.3.1. Somerset v. Stewart (1772); 2.3.3.2. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act (1780); 2.3.3.3. Massachusetts Constitution of 1780; 2.3.3.4. Commonwealth v. Jennison (1783); 2.3.3.5. Virginia Manumission Act; 2.3.3.6. North Carolina Statute on Slave Murder; 2.3.3.7. Jefferson on Slavery Notes on the State of Virginia (1784); 2.3.4. Religion; 2.3.4.1. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786); 2.3.4.2. New Hampshire Constitution (1784); 2.3.5. Religion and Law Reform; 2.3.5.1. Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia (1785); 2.4. Republican National Constitutionalism; 2.4.1. The Articles of Confederation (1781); 2.4.2. The Philadelphia Convention (1787); 2.4.3. Debating the Constitution; 2.4.3.1. Antifederalist Critiques of the Constitution: Elbridge Gerry's Report on the Constitution as Printed in Massachusetts Centinel (1787); 2.4.3.2. Federalist, Number 10 (1787); 2.4.3.3. Federalist, Number 78 (1788); 2.4.3.4. The Northwest Ordinance (1787); 2.5. The New Republic; 2.5.1. The Bill of Rights; 2.5.2. James Madison, "Property" (1792); 2.5.3. Hamilton versus Madison on Presidential Power (1793); 2.5.4. George Washington Farewell Address (1796); 2.5.5. The Sedition Act (1798); 2.5.6. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799); 2.5.7. Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address (1801); 2.6. Courts and Judges in the New Nation; 2.6.1. The Judiciary Act (1789); 2.6.2. Jefferson versus Hamilton on the Bank of the United States (1791); 2.6.3. Calder v. Bull (1798); 2.6.4. Marbury v. Madison (1803); 3. THE ACTIVE STATE AND THE MIXED ECONOMY 1812-1860; 3.1. The Golden Age of American Law; 3.2. Commerce, Legislative Promotion, and Law in the New Republic; 3.2.1. The New York Seamboat Monopoly and the Federal Commerce Power; 3.2.1.1. Livingston v. Van Ingen (1812); 3.2.1.1.1. Note: The Mix of Economies, Politics, and Law; 3.2.1.2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824); 3.2.1.2.1. Note: The Effect of Gibbons; 3.2.2. The Second Bank of the United States; 3.2.2.1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819); 3.2.2.1.1. Note: A Court Opinion as Political Theory; 3.2.2.2. Andrew Jackson Veto Message (1832); 3.2.2.2.1. Note: Jacksonian Economics; 3.2.2.2.2. Note: A Federal Common Law; 3.2.2.2.3. Note: Canals, Internal Improvements, and the States; 3.2.3. State Constitutions and the Active State; 3.2.3.1. Ohio Constitution (1851); 3.2.3.2. Massachusetts Constitution (1817); 3.2.3.3. Mississippi Constitution (1832); 3.3. Substantive Law and Economic Growth; 3.3.1. The Advent of the Corporation; 3.3.1.1. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819); 3.3.1.1.1. Note: The Politics of the Dartmouth College Case; 3.3.1.2. Charles River Bridge Company v. Warren Bridge Company (1837); 3.3.1.2.1. Note: The Limited Liability of Stockholders; 3.3.2. Labor in an Industrializing Society; 3.3.2.1. Note: The Traditional Theory of Labor Conspiracy; 3.3.2.2. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842); 3.3.2.2.1. Note: The Fellow Servant Rule; 3.3.2.3. Farwell v. The Boston and Worcester Railroad Co. (1842); 3.3.2.3.1. Note: Chief Justice Shaw and Labor; 3.3.2.3.2. Note: Fellow Servants and Slaves; 3.3.3. Property; 3.3.3.1. Van Ness v. Pacard (1829); 3.3.3.1.1. Note: Eminent Domain; 3.3.3.2. Parhan v. The Justices of Decatur County (1851); 3.3.3.3. Barron v. Baltimore (1833); 3.3.3.4. Joesph Angell, A Treatise on the Law of Watercourses (1854); 3.3.3.4.1. Note: Water Rights in the East; 3.3.3.5. Cary v. Daniels (1844); 3.3.3.5.1. Note: Water Rights in the West; 3.3.3.6. Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (1831); 3.3.3.7. Irwin v. Phillips, et al. (1855); 3.3.3.7.1. Note: Law and Westward Migration; 3.3.4. The Growth of Contract Law in the Nineteenth Century; 3.3.4.1. Seixas and Seixas v. Woods (1804); 3.3.4.2. McFarland v. Newman (1839); 3.3.4.3. Icar v. Suares (1835); 3.3.4.4. Seymour v. Delancey, et al. (1824); 3.3.4.4.1. Note: Contracts and the Emerging Speculative Economy; 3.3.4.4.2. Note: Toward the Future; 3.3.4.5. Ryan v. New York Central Railroad Co. (1866); 3.3.4.6. Fent et al. v. Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railway Co. (1871); 3.3.4.7. An Act to Establish the Responsibility of Railroad Corporations, Companies, and Persons Owning or Operating, Railroads, for Damages by Fires Communicated by Locomotive Engines (1887); 3.3.4.7.1. Note: Wrongful Death and Tort Law; 4. SLAVERY, THE CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, AND SEGREGATION; 4.1. Slavery and State Law; 4.1.1. Race and the Law of Negro Slavery; 4.1.1.1. Thomas R.R. Cobb, An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery (1858); 4.1.2. The Power of the Master over the Slave; 4.1.2.1. State v. Mann (1829); 4.1.2.1.1. Note: Harriet Beecher Stowe on Southern Judges; 4.1.2.2. Souther v. Commonwealth (1851); 4.1.2.3. State v. Hoover (1839); 4.1.2.4. Mitchell v. Wells (1859); 4.1.2.4.1. Note: The Somerset Precedent in America; 4.2. Slavery and the Constitution; 4.2.1. The Problem of Fugitive Slaves; 4.2.1.1. Prigg v. Pennsylvania; 4.2.1.1.1. Note: Prigg and the Use of History; 4.2.1.1.2. Note: Prigg and Its Aftermath; 4.2.1.1.3. Note: Northern States'-Rights Arguments; 4.2.2. Slavery, the Territories, and Interstate Comity; 4.2.2.1. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857); 4.2.2.1.1. Note: The Reacton to Dred Scott; 4.2.2.2. Abraham Lincoln "House Divided" Speech (1858); 4.2.2.2.1. Note: The Next Dred Scott Decision; 4.3. Secession and Constitutional Theory; 4.3.1. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832); 4.3.2. President Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification (1832); 4.4. Nullification and Succession; 4.4.1. Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina (1860); 4.4.2. Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address (1861); 4.5. The Civil War and Emancipation; 4.5.1. Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation (1863); 4.5.1.1. Note: The Effect of The Emancipation Proclamation; 4.5.2. Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address (1865); 4.6. Reconstruction and Its Aftermath: Political Change, Black Freedom, and the Nadir of Black Rights; 4.6.1. Political Change; 4.6.1.1. Articles of Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868); 4.6.1.1.1. Note: The Courts and the Politics of Reconstruction; 4.6.2. Black Freedom; 4.6.2.1. Mississippi Black Codes (1865); 4.6.2.2. An Act to Confer Civil Rights on Freedmen, and for Other Purposes; 4.6.2.3. An Act to Amend the Vagrant Laws of the State; 4.6.2.4. An Act to Protect All Persons in the United States in Their Civil Rights, and Furnish Means of Their Vindication (1866); 4.6.2.4.1. Note: The Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment; 4.6.2.4.2. Note: Andrew Johnson's Veto of the 1866 Civil Rights Act; 4.6.2.4.3. The Freedmen's Bureau; 4.6.2.4.4. The Civil Rights Act of 1875; 4.6.3. The End of Civil Rights; 4.6.3.1. The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873); 4.6.3.1.1. Note: The Slaughterhouse Legacy; 4.6.3.1.2. Note: Civil Rights Cases (1883); 4.6.4. Race and Segregation in Nineteenth-Century Law Society; 4.6.4.1. Roberts v. The City of Boston (1850); 4.6.4.1.1. Note: Free Blacks and the Law; 4.6.4.2. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896); 4.6.4.2.1. Note: Separate But Equal in the North; 4.6.5. Segregation on the Eve of a New Century (1898); 5. NINETEENTH-CENTURY LAW AND SOCIETY 1800-1900; 5.1. Race; 5.1.1. Native Americans; 5.1.1.1. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831); 5.1.1.1.1. Note: The Federal Government and Native Americans; 5.1.1.2. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock; 5.1.2. Asians; 5.1.2.1. Yick Wo v. Hopkins; 5.1.2.1.1. Note: The Chinese and Jim Crow; 5.1.2.1.2. Note: Chinese Exclusion; 5.1.2.2. United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898); 5.1.2.2.1. Note: Gentlemen's Agreement (1907); 5.1.2.3. Oregon v. Charley Lee Quong, Ah Lee, and Lee Jong (1879); 5.1.3. Latinos and Hispanics; 5.1.3.1. California ex. Re. M. M. Kimberly v. Pablo de la Guerra (1870); 5.2. Gender and Domestic Relations; 5.2.1. The Rights of Women; 5.2.1.1. "The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments" (1848); 5.2.1.2. The New York Married Women's Property Acts (1848); 5.2.1.3. An Act for the More Effectual Protection of the Property of Married Women (1848); 5.2.2. An Act to Amend an Act Entitled "An Act for the More Effectual Protection of the Property of Married Women" (1849); 5.2.2.1. Note: Married Women and the Law; 5.2.3. Bradwell v. Illinois (1873); 5.2.4. Minor v. Happersett (1875); 5.2.4.1. Note: the Case of United States vs Susan B. Anthony (1873); 5.2.5. Marriage and Divorce; 5.2.5.1. "The Nature of Marriage and How Defined" (1881); 5.2.5.2. Wightman v. Coates (1833); 5.2.5.3. Reynolds v. United States (1879); 5.2.5.3.1. Note: Divorce; 5.2.5.4. Waldron v. Waldron; 5.2.6. Birth Control and Abortion; 5.2.6.1. State v. Slagle (1880); 5.2.6.1.1. Note: Abortion and the Quickening Doctrine; 5.2.6.2. People v. Sanger (1918); 5.3. Crime and Criminal Justice; 5.3.1. Crime and Punishment; 5.3.1.1. On Crimes and Punishments (1764); 5.3.1.2. "The Causes of Crime" (1880); 5.3.1.2.1. Note: The Police and the Prison; 5.3.2. The Cause of Crime; 5.3.2.1. State v. Felter (1868); 5.3.2.1.1. Note: Insanity Tests; 5.3.2.2. Bill Bell v. The State (1885); 5.3.2.2.1. Note: The South and Self-Defense; 5.3.3. Late-Nineteenth-Century Crime and Morality; 5.3.3.1. People v. Plath (1885); 5.3.4. The Federeal Government, Crime, and Morality; 5.3.4.1. Ex parte Jackson (1877); 5.3.4.1.1. Note: Morality and Free Speech; 6. LAWYERS AND THE RISE OF THE REGULATORY STATE 1850-1920; 6.1. The Lawyer in American Society; 6.1.1. Alexis de Tocqueville on Lawyers and Judges (1835); 6.2. Legal Education; 6.2.1. Christopher C. Langdell, A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts (1871); 6.2.1.1. Note: Critics of Langdellian Assumptions; 6.3. Legal Theory in the Late Nineteenth Century; 6.3.1. Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations Which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the Sates of the American Union; 6.3.1.1. Note: Social Tension in the 1890s; 6.3.2. Christopher G. Tiedemann, A Treatise on the limitations of Police Power in the United States (1886); 6.3.3. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (1881); 6.3.4. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., "The Path of the Law" (1897); 6.4. The Growth of Economic Regulation; 6.4.1. Property Rights and Police Power; 6.4.2. David J. Brewer, "Protection to Private Property from Public Attack" (1891); 6.5. State Regulation and the Public Interest; 6.5.1. States and Labor Law; 6.5.1.1. New Jersey Child Labor Act (1851); 6.5.1.2. Illinois Criminal Syndicalism Act (1887); 6.5.1.3. New York Worker's Compensation Act (1910); 6.5.2. Worker's Compensation and the Question of Causation; 6.5.2.1. Ives v. South Buffalo Railway Co. (1911); 6.5.3. Eminent Domain; 6.5.3.1. Colorado Constitution (1876); 6.5.3.1.1. Note: The Evolution of Takings Jurisprudence; 6.6. Federal Regulation and the Public Interest; 6.6.1. The Interstate Commerce Commission; 6.6.1.1. Interstate Commerce Act (1887); 6.6.1.1.1. Note: Judicial Reaction to the Interstate Commerce Commission; 6.6.2. Trustbusting: The Statutory Basis; 6.6.2.1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890); 6.6.3. Federal Commerce Power; 6.6.3.1. United States v. E.C. Knight & Co. (1892); 6.6.3.1.1. Note: Anti-Trust Law in the Progressive Era; 6.6.3.2. Populist Platform Adopted at St. Louis (1892); 6.6.4. Taxation of Income; 6.6.4.1. Joesph H. Choate, Arguments for Appellant in the Income Tax Cases (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co.) (1895); 6.7. Judicial Reaction to the Regulatory State; 6.7.1. The Origins of Substantive Due Process; 6.7.1.1. Wynehamer v. The People (1856); 6.7.2. Bond Repudiation and Judicial Review; 6.7.3. The Bradley Dissent in Slaughterhouse; 6.7.3.1. The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873); 6.7.4. Reaffirmation of the Police Power; 6.7.4.1. Munn v. Illinois (1877); 6.7.4.1.1. Note: Federal Judicial Review of State Rate Regulations; 6.7.5. Substantive Due Process in the State Courts; 6.7.5.1. In re Jacobs (1885); 6.7.5.1.1. Note: Labor and the Law; 6.7.6. Liberty of Contract; 6.7.6.1. llgeyer v. Louisiana (1897); 6.7.7. Liberty of Contract and Workplace Regulation; 6.7.7.1. Holden v. Hardy (1898); 6.7.7.2. Lochner v. New York; 6.7.7.3. Muller v. Oregon (1908); 6.7.8. Toward a Federal Police Power; 6.7.8.1. Champion v. Ames (1903); 6.7.8.1.1. Note: The Growth of Federal Police Power; 6.7.8.1.2. Note: Child Labor; 7. TOTAL WAR, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND CIVIL RIGHTS; 7.1. Individual Rights in a Changing Culture; 7.1.1. Louis D. Brandeis and Samuel D. Warren, "The Right to Privacy" (1890); 7.2. World War I and Civil Liberties; 7.2.1. The Suppression of Dissent During World War I; 7.2.1.1. Paul Murphy, World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties in the United; 7.2.2. Censorship During World War I; 7.2.2.1. Schench v. United States (1919); 7.2.2.1.1. Note: Debs v. United States (1919); 7.2.2.2. Abrams et al. V. United States (1919); 7.2.2.2.1. Note: The Abrams Dissent; 7.3. Radicals and Civil Liberties; 7.3.1. Note: Civil Liberties and Fourteenth Amendment Incorporation; 7.3.2. Whitney v. California (1927); 7.4. World War II and Legal Developments; 7.4.1. The Flag Salute Cases; 7.4.1.1. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943); 7.4.2. The Japanese Internment; 7.4.2.1. Note: Executive Order-No. 9066; 7.4.2.2. Hirabayashi v. United States (1943); 7.4.2.3. Korematsu v. United States (1944); 7.4.2.3.1. Note: Ex parte Endo (1944); 7.4.2.3.2. Note: The Internment Cases a Generation Later; 7.5. Civil Liberties and Criminal Justice in Crisis Times; 7.5.1. The Emergence of Criminal Due Process; 7.5.1.1. Weeks v. United States (1914); 7.5.1.2. Olmstead v. United States (1928); 7.5.1.2.1. Note: Prohibitiona nd the Law; 7.6. Crime in the Cities; 7.6.1. Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter, Criminal Justice in Cleveland (1922); 7.7. Civil Rights and Racial Justice; 7.7.1. Race and the Franchise; 7.7.2. Race and Education; 7.7.2.1. Missouri ex re. Gaines v. Canada (1938); 7.7.2.1.1. Note: Beyond Gaines; 7.7.3. Racial Justice and Criminal Law; 7.7.3.1. James Harmon Chadbourn, "Lynching and the Administration of Justice, and the Supreme Court; 8. RIGHTS, LIBERTY, AND SCIENCE IN MODERN AMERICA; 8.1. Civil Rights; 8.1.1. Race; 8.1.1. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954); 8.1.2. "Southern Declaration on Integration" (1956); 8.1.2.1. Note: Race and the Constitution; 8.1.3. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" (1963); 8.2. Civil Rights Act of 1964; 8.3. Affirmative Action; 8.3.1. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978); 8.3.1.1. Note: The Futre of Affirmative Action in Education; 8.3.2. City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company (1989); 8.3.2.1. Note: The Aftermath of Croson; 8.4. Gender; 8.4.1. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965); 8.4.1.1. Note: The Debate in Griswold; 8.4.2. Roe v. Wade (1973); 8.4.2.1. Note: The Future of Roe; 8.4.3. Johnson v. Transportatoin Agency, Santa Clara County (1987); 8.4.3.1. Note: Affirmative Action and Sexual Harassment; 8.4.4. Homosexual Rights; 8.4.4.1. Romer v. Evans (1996); 8.4.5. Same Sex Marriages; 8.4.5.1. Baker v. State (1999); 8.4.5.2. Vermont Civil Union Act (2000); 8.4.5.3. Defense of Marriage Act; 8.5. Civil Liberties; 8.5.1. Dennis et al. V. United States (1951); 8.5.1.1. Note: Free Speech and Internal Security; 8.5.2. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964); 8.5.3. Offensive Speech; 8.5.3.1. Engel v. Vitale (1962); 8.5.3.2. Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990); 8.5.3.2.1. Note: Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993; 8.6. Criminal Justice; 8.6.1. Miranda v. Arizona (1966); 8.6.1.1. Note: The Supreme Court and Criminal Justice; 8.6.1.2. Note: Surge in Incarceration; 8.7. Science and Law; 8.7.1. Definition of Death; 8.7.1.1. In the Matter of Karen Quinlan (1976); 8.7.1.1.1. Note: Right to Die; 8.7.2. Surrogate Parenting; 8.7.2.1. In the Matter of Baby M (1988); 8.7.3. The Challenge of DNA; 8.7.4. Science and Environmental Law; 8.7.4.1. TVA v. Hill (1978); 8.7.4.1.1. Note: The Fate of Hill; 8.7.5. Cyberspace; 8.7.5.1. Intel v. Hamidi (2003); 9. LAW AND THE ECONOMY IN MODERN AMERICA; 9.1. Regulatory State; 9.1.1. Deregulation; 9.1.1.1. The Staggers Act (1980); 9.1.1.2. The Contours of Environmental Regulation; 9.1.1.3. Howard Latin, "Ideal Versus Real Regulatory Efficiency: Implementation of; 9.1.1.4. Bruce A. Ackerman and Richard B. Stewart, "Reforming Environmental Law" (1985); 9.1.1.5. William J. Clinton, Executive Order 12866 (1933); 9.1.2. Anti-Trust Policy; 9.2. Economic Activity; 9.2.1. Contract; 9.2.1.1. Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Company (1965); 9.2.2. Torts; 9.2.2.1. Greenman v. Yuba Power Porducts, Inc. (1962); 9.2.2.2. Fassoulas v. Ramey (1984); 9.2.2.2.1. Note: Legislative Reform of the Tort System; 9.2.2.3. BMW of North America, Inc v. Gore (1996); 9.2.2.3.1. Note: Beyond Gore; 9.2.2.3.2. Note: Tobacco Litigation; 9.2.3. Property; 9.2.3.1. Lionshead Lkae, Inc, v. Wayne Tp. (1952); 9.2.3.1.1. Note: Zoning; 9.2.3.1.2. Note: Eminent Domain; 9.2.3.2. Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984); 9.2.3.2.1. Note: Eminent Domain beyond Midkiff; 9.2.3.2.2. Note: Regulatory Takings; 9.2.3.3. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992); 9.2.3.3.1. Note: Residential Leases; 9.2.3.4. Javins v. First National Reality Corporation (1970); 9.2.3.4.1. Note: Entitlements and "New Property"; 9.3. New Federalism; 9.3.1. Untied States v. Lopez (1995); 9.3.1.1. Note: New Directions in Commerce Clause Jurisprudence; 9.3.2. Printz v. United States (1997); 10. LAW POLITICS, AND TERROR; 10.1. The Modern Presidency and Separation of Powers; 10.1.1. New York Times Company v. United States, United States v. Washington Post Company (1971); 10.1.1.1. Note: The Modern Persidency; 10.1.2. Untied States v. Nixon (1974); 10.1.2.1. Note: The Resignation of Richard Nixon; 10.2. The Impeachment of Bill Clinton; 10.2.1. House Committee on the Judiciary Resolutions of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors (1998); 10.2.1.1. The Senate Vote on President Clinton; 10.3. Political Questions, the Presidential Election of 2000, and the Supreme Court; 10.3.1. Bush v. Gore (2000); 10.3.1.1. Note: The Supreme Court Decision and the Political Process; 10.4. Terror, Liberty, and the Presidency; 10.4.1. Note: The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001; 10.4.2. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001, H.R. 3162 Section-by-Section Analysis; 10.5. The Patriot Act: For and Against; 10.5.1. The USA Patriot Act: Preserving Life and Liberty; 10.5.2. The USA Patriot Act and Government Actions that Threaten Our Civil Liberties; 10.5.3. The Policies of War: Refocus the Mission; 10.5.4. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002); 10.5.4.1. Note: Homeland Security Act; Appendix: The Constitution of the United States; NOTES; SOURCES AND CREDITS; INDEX OF CASES