Difference and Differential Equations with Applications in Queueing Theory

Dedication ix Preface xii ONE Probability and Statistics, Outlines 1 1.1. Basic Definitions and Concepts of Probability 1 1.2. Discrete Random Variable and Probability Distribution Functions 8 1.3. Moments of a Discrete Random Variable 18 1.4. Continuous Random variables 22 1.5. Moments of a Continuous Random Variable 28 1.6. Continuous Probability Distribution Functions 29 1.7. Random Vector 47 1.8. Continuous Random Vector 53 1.9. Functions of Random variables 54 1.10. Basic Elements of Statistics 59 1.11. Inferential Statistics 72 1.12. Hypothesis Testing 80 1.13. Reliability 82 Chapter One Exercises 87 TWO Transforms 96 2.1. Fourier Transform 96 2.2. Laplace Transform 100 2.3. Transform 111 2.4. Probability Generating Function 118 Chapter Two Exercises 124 THREE Differential Equations 129 3.1. Basics Concepts and Definitions 129 3.2. Existence and Uniqueness 138 3.3. Separable Equations 140 3.4. Linear Differential Equation 150 3.5. Exact Differential Equations 154 3.6. Solution of the First-Order ODE by Substitution 163 3.7. Applications of the First-order ODEs 169 3.8. Second-Order Homogeneous Differential Equations 175 3.9. The Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear ODE with Constant Coefficients 186 3.10. Miscellaneous Methods for Solving ODE 200 3.11. Applications of the Second-Order ODE 211 3.12. Introduction to the Partial Differential Equations: Basic Concepts 216 Chapter Three Exercises 227 FOUR Difference Equations 234 4.1. Basic Terms 236 4.2. Linear Homogeneous Difference Equations with Constant Coefficient 239 4.3. Linear Nonhomogeneous Difference Equations with Constant Coefficient 247 4.4. System of Linear Difference equations 260 4.4.A. Generating Function Method 262 4.5. Differential-Difference Equations 269 4.6. Nonlinear Difference Equations 275 Chapter Four Exercises 281 FIVE Queueing Theory 284 5.1. Introduction 284 5.2. Markov Chain and Markov Process 285 5.3. Birth-and-Death (B-D) Processes. 299 5.4. Introduction of Queueing Theory 302 5.5. Single-server Markovian Queue, M/M/1 304 5.6. Finite Buffer Single-Server Markovian Queue, M/M/1/N 321 5.7. M/M/1 Queue with Feedback 326 5.8. Single-server Markovian Queue with State-Dependent Balking 327 5.9. Multi-server Parallel Queue 331 5.10. Many-Server Parallel Queue with Feedback 345 5.11. Many-Server Queue with Balking and Reneging 347 5.12. Single-server Markovian Queuing System with Splitting and Feedback 354 Chapter Five Exercises 373 Appendix 379 References and Further Readings 386 Answers/Solutions to Selected Exercises 390 Authors Index 397 Subject Index 400