Bioenergetics

1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics applied to energy conversion in biological systems.- Introduction.- Elements of nonequilibrium thermodynamics.- Steady states.- Mechanisms of coupling between processes.- Phenomenological description of processes and systems.- Control and regulation of processes.- 2. Global bioenergetics.- Introduction.- Thermodynamic principles.- Thermodynamic efficiencies and global bioenergetics.- The current steady state: Global cycles of matter associated with global bioenergetics.- Approach to the current steady state: Evolution of free-enthalpy transducing biosystems.- 3. Vectorial bioenergetics.- Bioenergetics in a homogeneous compartment.- Cellular compartmentation and bioenergetics.- Proton bioenergetics.- Transport phenomena.- Sodium bioenergetics.- 4. Energetics of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.- Introduction.- Principles of biological energy transformations.- Energy-generating processes.- Energy-requiring processes.- 5. Chloroplasts.- Introduction.- Light-driven electron transport and proton translocation.- Carbon metabolism.- Other metabolic pathways.- Transport across the envelope.- Photoregulation of chloroplast function.- 6. The mammalian mitochondrial respiratory chain.- Introduction.- Principles of electron transfer-linked proton translocation.- NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).- Succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II).- Ubihydroquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III).- The diffusible redox carriers ubiquinone and cytochrome c.- Energy balance of electron transfer reactions.- Carrier proteins involved in energy transduction.- Interaction of electron transfer chain,ATP synthase, adenine nucleotide carrier, and phosphate carrier, resulting in the coupling of oxidative phosphorylation.- 7. Photosystem II and water oxidation in cyanobacteria, algae and higher plants.- Introduction.- Overall organisation of water cleavage in Photosystem II.- Light absorption and transformation into electrochemical free energy in Photosystem II.- Water oxidation.- Plastoquinone reduction.- 8. The photosystem I reaction center in oxygenic photosynthesis.- Introduction.- Energy transfer in PS-I.- Electron transfer in PS-I.- Polypeptides of the PS-I reaction center.- Structure of the PS-I reaction center.- Comparison with green sulfur bacteria and heliobacteria.- 9. The cytochrome b6f/bcl-complexes.- Introduction.- Occurrence.- Components and structure.- Function.- Regulation.- 10. Cytochrome c oxidase.- Introduction.- Structure.- Spectroscopy.- Ligand binding reactions.- Electron transfer reactions.- Proton transfer reactions.- Electrochemistry of the metal centres.- 11. Bacteriorhodopsin.- Introduction.- The bacterium.- Bioenergetics of H. salinarium.- The bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane.- The photocycle.- Halorhodopsin.- 12. Structure, function and regulation of the H+-ATPases from chloroplasts.- Introduction.- Structure of H+-ATPases.- The catalytic reaction of H-ATPases.- The regulation of CF0F1.