Interior Lighting for Designers

PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii INTRODUCTION xv PART I DESIGN FACTORS 1 1 THE LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS 3 2 PERCEPTION AND VISION 6 Visible Light 6 The Eye and Brain 6 Brightness Perception 11 Color Perception 12 3 LIGHT AND HEALTH 16 Photobiology and Nonvisual Effects 16 The Aging Eye 19 Light Therapy 20 Assisted-Living and Eldercare Facilities 20 Dynamic Electric Lighting 21 4 PSYCHOLOGY OF LIGHT 22 Emotional Impact 22 Degrees of Stimulation 22 Degrees of Brightness Contrast 23 The Three Elements of Light 27 Subjective Impressions 30 Certainty 33 Variation 33 5 PATTERNS OF BRIGHTNESS 36 Direction and Distribution of Light 36 Surface Finishes and Reflectances 43 Three-Dimensional Form 45 Glare and Sparkle 49 6 COLOR OF LIGHT 56 Color Temperature 58 Color Rendering 59 Subjective Impressions 60 Surface Finishes and Color of Light 61 7 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT 65 Quantitative Illumination 65 PART II LIGHT SOURCES 71 8 DAYLIGHT 73 Daylight Design 74 Shading Devices 80 Glazing Materials 83 Quantity of Interior Daylight 83 9 FILAMENT SOURCES 86 Lamp Shapes 86 Lamp Bases 86 Filaments 87 Light Output 89 Tungsten-Halogen Lamps 91 Lamp Types 93 Low-Voltage Lamps 97 U.S. Legislation 99 Colored Light 100 10 LOW-INTENSITY DISCHARGE SOURCES 104 Fluorescent Lamps 104 Lamp Characteristics 113 Health and Safety Concerns 115 11 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE SOURCES 117 Mercury Vapor Lamps 117 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 118 Metal Halide Lamps 118 Lamp Characteristics 120 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps 124 12 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING 125 LEDs 125 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 133 13 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 134 Ballasts 134 Drivers 141 Transformers 142 PART III INTERIOR ILLUMINATION 145 14 LIGHT CONTROL 147 Control of Light Direction 147 Glare Control 158 15 LUMINAIRES 163 Housings 163 Light and Glare Control 167 Decorative Luminaires 199 Emergency and Exit Luminaires 200 16 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 204 Integrating Light and Architecture 205 Visual Clarity 205 Architectural Surfaces 209 Task Lighting 214 Ambient Lighting 215 Lighting Three-Dimensional Objects 219 Balance of Brightness 224 Successful Solutions 233 17 DESIGN VERIFICATION METHODS 234 Recommended Illuminance Values 234 Surface Reflectance 236 Illuminance Calculations 237 Postoccupancy Evaluation 247 18 ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING CONTROLS 249 Principles of Electricity 249 Switch Control 254 Dimming Control 258 Digital Lighting Controls 265 Energy Management Controls 267 19 DOCUMENTATION 268 Construction Documents 268 EPILOGUE 291 APPENDIX 293 REFERENCES 319 GLOSSARY 321 INDEX 331