Management, Recycling, and Reuse of Waste Composites

PART 1: MANAGEMENT OF WASTE COMPOSITES
An introduction to composites recycling; N Reynolds and M Pharaoh, The University of Warwick, UK
- Composite material types
- Physical properties
- Current composite market
- What is 'suitability for recycling'? Recycling methods

Legislation for recycling waste composites; R Stewart, The University of Warwick, UK
- Legislation
- Brief history of the European Union
- Environmental Action Programme 6 and the shape of future legislation
- Next steps for waste management
- The Waste Framework Directive
- Environmental Permitting Regulations
- The Landfill Directive
- Integrated product policy
- United Kingdom legislation: The Climate Change Act 2008
- End-of-Life Vehicle Directive
- Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Regulations

Waste management; R Stewart, The University of Warwick, UK
- The Waste Framework Directive
- Environmental Permitting Regulations
- End-of-Life Vehicle Directive
- Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Regulations
- Classification and labelling of waste

PART 2 THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECYCLING WASTE COMPOSITES


Thermal methods for recycling waste composites; S J Pickering, University of Nottingham, UK
- The fluidised bed recycling process
- Properties of the recycled fibre
- Applications for reuse of the fibres recycled from the fluidised bed process
- Prospects for commercial operation
- Current research, future trends and sources of further information and advice



Pyrolysis for recycling waste composites; M Blazo, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
- Pyrolysis reactions and products of thermoplastics
- Pyrolysis reactions and products of thermosets
- Pyrolyser reactors for polymer recycling
- Pyrolysis of polymer composites
- Pyrolysis conditions for polymer composites recycling
- Environmental concern about pyrolysis products of composites
- Summarising comments on recycling polymer composites by pyrolysis
- Acknowledgements

Catalytic processing of waste polymer composites; M A Keane, Heriot-Watt University, UK
- Waste polymer recycle: motivation
- Thermal decomposition of waste plastics
- Catalytic approach to polymer recycling
- Catalytic treatment of non-halogen containing polymer waste
- Catalytic treatment of halogenated polymers: focus on polyvinyl chloride
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information and advice

Advanced thermal treatment of composite wastes for energy recovery; P Lettieri, L Yassin and S J R Simons University College London, UK
- Introduction to waste management
- Techno-economic analysis of energy from waste advanced thermal processes
- Sample calculations
- Notation

Fluidized bed pyrolysis of waste polymer composites for oil and gas recovery; W Kaminsky, University of Hamburg, Germany
- Introduction
- Pyrolysis
- Fluidized bed pyrolysis
- Polymer composite materials
- Gas and oil recovery
- Possibilities and limits: future trends

PART 3 MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECYCLING WASTE COMPOSITES


Mechanical methods for recycling waste composites; K Makenji, The University of Warwick, UK
- Introduction and background
- Identification of waste plastic materials and fillers
- Waste preparation, sorting and readiness for end application use

Additives to upgrade mechanically recycled plastic composites; R Pfaendner, Ciba Lampertheim GmbH, Germany
- Properties of recycled plastics and recycled composites
- Additives to upgrade recycled plastics
- Specific examples of additives for recycled plastic composites
- Conclusions and future trends
- List of additives mentioned in sections 10.3 and 10.4

Improving the mechanical recycling and reuse of mixed plastics and polymer composites; K Tarverdi, Brunel University, UK
- Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers
- Polymer composites
- Materials recycling
- Consumer protection
- The powder impression moulding process
- Future technologies for converting mixed waste plastic (composites) into products
- Case studies, recycling archives
- Sources of further information and advice

Quality and durability of recycled composite materials; K L Pickering, University of Waikato, New Zealand and M D H Beg, University of Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
- Recycling thermoset matrix composites
- Recycling thermoplastic matrix composites

PART 4 IMPROVING SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITES


Clean and environmentally friendly wet-filament winding; N Shotton-Gale, D Harris, S D Pandita, M A Paget, J A Allen and G F Fernando, University of Birmingham, UK
- Resin impregnation modelling
- The application of selected impregnation models to clean filament winding
- Clean filament winding: resin impregnation unit
- Experimental
- Results and discussion

Process monitoring and damage detection using optical fibre sensors; D Harris, V R Machavaram and G F Fernando, University of Birmingham, UK
- Introduction to optical fibres
- Introduction to chemical process monitoring
- Hybrid fibre sensors (small-diameter optical fibres)
- Damage detection using self-sensing composites
- Conventional optical fibre sensors
- Sensing strategies
- Sensors for monitoring strain and temperature
- Applications of fibre Bragg grating and Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors in composites
- Multi-measurand sensor design

New developments in producing more functional and sustainable composites; G F Smith, The University of Warwick, UK
- Glass fibre composites
- Carbon fibre composites
- Natural fibres
- Multi-layer, multi-functional composites
- Sustainability
- Biomimetics
- Self-reinforced composites
- Nanoparticulate composites
- Hybrid structures

PART 5 CASE STUDIES


Designing composite wind turbine blades for disposal, recycling or reuse; N Papadakis, Technological Educational Institution (TEI) of Crete, Greece, C Ramirez, Centro de Ingenier-a Avanzada en Turbom Aquinas S.de R.L. de C.V, Mexico and N Reynolds, The University of Warwick, UK
- Current wind energy market and trends
- Turbine design and manufacture
- Usage
- End of life

In-process composite recycling in the aerospace industry; K Potter and C Ward, University of Bristol, UK
- Composite consumption in the aerospace industry
- Scrap in the aerospace composites industry
- Composite design and manufacture and their influence on scrap generation
- Composite design choices and their effect on manufacture, Further composite design effects, Uncured scrap material and reuse potential
- Future trends in composites manufacture, impacts on waste generation
- Sources of further information and advice

Disposal of composite boats and other marine composites; M M Singh, J Summerscales, University of Plymouth and K Wittamore, Triskel Consultants Limited, UK
- Market size
- The design phase
- The manufacture and marketing phase
- The use phase
- End of life
- Vive la difference?

Sustainable fibre-reinforced polymer composites in construction; M Fan, Brunel University, UK
- Basic concept and history
- Polymer composites in building construction
- Composites in bridge construction
- Composites in other constructions
- Performance in use
- Construction wastes, reclaim and recycling
- New development and challenge of construction composites
- Acknowledgements

Recycling of concrete; P Purnell, University of Leeds and A Dunster, BRE, UK
- Concrete as a composite
- Sustainability: incentives for recycling
- Future trends and drivers
- Recycling of concrete
- Recycling of concrete from pre-cast operations
- End uses (recycled concrete aggregate in ready-mixed concrete)
- End uses of recycled concrete aggregate in other construction applications
- Overall view
- Trade bodies/useful websites

Each chapter includes an Introduction, Conclusions, and References