The Major Histocompatibility System in Man and Animals

Introductory Remarks The Major Histocompatibility System..- 1 The Major Histocompatibility System in Man..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Serologically Defined Histocompatibility Antigens.- 2.1 Historical Remarks.- 2.2 Serology.- 2.3 The Definition of HLA Antigens.- 2.4 The Genetic Organization of HLA-A, B, and C Antigens.- 2.5 Phenotype and Gene Frequencies.- 2.6 Haplotype Frequencies.- 2.7 Linkage Disequilibrium.- 2.8 Cross-Reactivity.- 3. Lymphocyte-Defined Antigens.- 3.1 Historical Remarks.- 3.2 Genetics of MLC.- 3.3 "Primed Lymphocyte Typing".- 4. Serological Definition of B-Cell-Specific Alloantigens.- 4.1 Historical Remarks.- 4.2 Methodology.- 4.3 Genetics of B-Cell Alloantigens.- 5. Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity.- 5.1 Methodology.- 5.2 Genetics of CML.- 6. Tissue Distribution of HLA Antigens.- 6.1 HLA-A and -B Antigens.- 6.2 HLA-D or Lymphocyte Activating Determinants.- 7. Surface Distribution of HLA Antigens.- 8. Biochemistry.- 8.1 Localization of H Antigens and Source for Their Purification.- 8.2 Assays Monitoring Activity of Soluble HLA Antigens.- 8.3 Extraction Procedures.- 8.4 HLA-A and -B Antigens in the Serum and Urine.- 8.5 HLA-C Antigens.- 9. HLA-D Antigen (B-Cell-Specific, HLA-D Locus-Linked Gene Products).- 10. Linked Loci and Mapping of the HLA Region.- 11. HLA and Transplantation.- 12. HLA-Disease Associations.- 12.1 Historical Remarks.- 12.2 Statistical Considerations.- 12.3 Groups of HLA-Associated Diseases.- 12.4 Models of HLA-Disease Associations.- 12.5 Genetic Considerations.- References.- 2 The Major Histocompatibility System of Subhuman Primate Species..- 1. Introduction.- 2. RhL-A, MHS of Rhesus Monkeys.- 2.1 Detection of Tissue Alloantigens.- 2.2 Biochemistry.- 2.3 Histocompatibility.- 2.4 MHC-Linked Immune Responses.- 2.5 Genetic Organization of the RhL-A System.- 3. ChL-A, the MHS of Chimpanzees.- 3.1 Detection of Tissue Alloantigens.- 3.2 Histocompatibility.- 3.3 Genetic Organization of the ChL-A System.- 4. Tissue Antigens of Other Subhuman Primates.- 4.1 Baboons.- 4.2 Other Primate Species.- 5. Similarities Among Tissue Antigens of Various Primate Species.- 5.1 Similarities Between Alloantigens of Man and Chimpanzee.- 5.2 Similarities Between Alloantigens of Rhesus Monkeys and Those of Other Primate Species.- References.- 3 The Major Histocompatibility System of the Dog..- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Dog as an Experimental Model.- 1.2 Short History of Dog Histocompatibility Systems.- 2. DLA Genetics.- 2.1 Nomenclature.- 2.2 Serologically Defined Antigens.- 2.3 Lymphocyte-Defined Antigens.- 2.4 Immune Response Genes.- 2.5 Allogeneic Resistance (R).- 2.6 Other Markers.- 2.7 Genetic Organization of DLA System.- 3. Transplantation Biology of DLA.- 3.1 Related Donor-Recipient Pairs.- 3.2 Unrelated Donor-Recipient Pairs.- 3.3 Blood Transfusions and Graft Survival.- 4. Minor Histocompatibility Systems.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 The Major Histocompatibility System of Cattle, Pig, Rabbit, and Syrian Hamster.- 4.1 The Major Histocompatibility System of Cattle. P. Iványi.- 4.1.1 Introduction.- 4.1.2 Blood Cell Chimerism, Immunological Tolerance, and Free Martinism in Cattle Twins.- 4.1.3 The Unknown MHS in Cattle.- 4.1.4 Cattle Alloimmune Sera Cross-Reacting with HLA Antigens.- 4.2 The Major Histocompatibility System of Pig. P. Iványi.- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Blood Group Systems.- 4.2.3 The MHS in Pig: SL-A (SD) or PL-A (LD).- 4.3 The Major Histocompatibility System of Rabbit. P. Iványi.- 4.3.1 Introduction.- 4.3.2 Blood Groups and Histocompatibility.- 4.3.3 The Rabbit MHS.- 4.3.4 Rabbits Recognize H-2 and HLA Specificities.- 4.4 The Major Histocompatibility System of Syrian Hamster. W.R. Duncan, J.W. Streilein, and P. Iványi.- References.- 5 The Major Histocompatibility System of the Guinea Pig..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Serology.- 2.1 Methodology.- 2.2 Serological Characterization of Antigens Governed by Alleles of the First GPLA Locus (Locus B).- 2.3 Serologic Characterization of Antigens Identified by 13 Anti-2 and 2 Anti-13 Sera.- 2.4 The Identification of an Additional Specificity Present in Inbred Strain 2 and Strain 13 Animals.- 3. Biochemistry.- 4. Histocompatibility.- 5. Genetic Control of the Immune Response by Gene Products from the MHS.- 6. Genetic Organization.- 6.1 Linkage Between the GPLA Locus B and the Ia Region.- 6.2 Products of the Ia Region and GPLA B Locus Represented on the Lymphoid Cells of Wild Guinea Pigs.- References.- 6 The Major Histocompatibility System of the Rat (Ag-B or H-1 System)..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Serogenetics of the H-1 System.- 3. Role of the H-l System in Graft Rejection.- 3.1 Skin Grafts.- 3.2 Organ Grafts.- 3.3 Immunological Enhancement.- 3.4 Other Types of Grafts.- 4. Genetic Control of Mixed Lymphocyte Reactivity by the H-1 System.- 5. Graft-Versus-Host Reactivity and the H-l System.- 6. Features of the Immune Response to H-l Antigens.- 6.1 Thymus Dependence.- 6.2 Quantity of Anti-H-1 Antibodies.- 6.3 Immunological Tolerance to H-1 Antigens.- 6.4 Effect of Preimmunization.- 6.5 "Clone" Size.- 6.6 Antiidiotypic Antibodies.- 7. H-1-Linked Immune Response Genes.- 8. The H-l System and Disease Susceptibility.- 9. Effect of the H-l System on Fetal-Maternal Interactions.- 10. Genetic Structure of the H-1 Chromosome.- 11. Biochemistry of H-l Antigens.- 12. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 The Major Histocompatibility System of the Mouse..- 1. Brief History.- 2. Serology.- 2.1 K and D Regions.- 2.2 H-2G Region.- 2.3 I Region.- 2.4 I-J Region.- 2.5 S Region.- 3. Tissue Distribution.- 4. Biochemistry.- 4.1 K and D Products.- 4.2 I Region Antigens.- 4.3 S Region Antigens.- 5. Histocompatibility.- 6. Immune Response.- 6.1 T-Cell, B-Cell Cooperation.- 6.2 Viral Oncogenesis.- 6.3 Mixed Leukocyte Reaction.- 6.4 Graft-Versus-Host Reaction.- 6.5 Cell-Mediated Lympholysis.- 7. Genetic Organization.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 The Major Histocompatibility System of the Chicken..- 1. Introduction.- 2. The B System of the Chicken.- 2.1 Biochemical Characterization of B Antigens.- 2.2 Distribution of B Antigens.- 2.3 Development of B Antigens.- 3. Methods for the Detection of B Antigens.- 3.1 In vitro Demonstration of B Antigens.- 3.2 In vivo Demonstration of B Antigens.- 4. Definition of B Antigens.- 5. Preparation of Antisera.- 6. Chicken Populations Used for the Study of MHS.- 7. MHS in Other Species of Birds.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Major and Minor Histocompatibility Systems of Ectothermic Vertebrates..- 1. Introduction.- 2. The MHS and the Phylogeny of Transplantation Immunity.- 2.1 Rapidity of First-Set Allograft Reactions: Immunogenetic Considerations.- 2.2 Immunobiology of Major and Minor Histoincompatibility.- 3. The MHS and the Phylogeny of Mixed Lymphocyte Reactivities.- 3.1 Fishes.- 3.2 Amphibians.- 4. The MHS and the Phylogeny of Graft-Versus-Host Reactivities.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10 Evolution and Function of the Major Histocompatibility System: Facts and Speculations..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Facts.- 2.1 Genetic Organization.- 2.2 Function.- 2.3 Evolution.- 3. Speculations.- 3.1 Evolution and Function of MHS.- 3.2 Organization of MHS.- 3.3 Relationship of the MHS to Other Loci.- 4. Coda: The Temple of God?.- References.