Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems
Emerging Design, Technologies and Applications
2nd Edition
Published on 26. October 2012
Book
Hardback
574 pages
978-1-119-94494-2 (ISBN)
Description
This book provides a wide spectrum of current trends in the design of microwave and millimeter circuits and systems. In addition, the book identifies the state-of-the art challenges in microwave and millimeter wave circuits systems design, such as behavioral modeling of circuit components, software radio and digitally enhanced front-ends, and much more. Each chapter treats a selected problem and challenge within the field of Microwave and Millimeter wave circuits, and contains case studies and examples. This book serves as an excellent reference for engineers, researchers, research project managers and engineers working in R&D.
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Apostolos Georgiadis | Hendrik Rogier | Luca Roselli
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems
Emerging Design, Technologies and Applications
E-Book
09/2012
Wiley
€114.99
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Apostolos Georgiadis | Hendrik Rogier | Luca Roselli
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems
Emerging Design, Technologies and Applications
E-Book
09/2012
Wiley
€114.99
Available for download
Persons
Dr. Apostolos Geogiadis, CTTC, Spain
Apostolos Georgiadis received his PhD in electrical engineering from University of Massachusetts, USA. He worked as a systems engineer involved with CMOS transceivers for WiFi applications before returning to academia. His current research interests include active antennas and radio frequency identification technology and energy harvesting.
Professor Hendrik Rogier, Ghent University, Belgium
Hendrik Rogier is a Senior Member of the IEEE. His research interests include the analysis of electromagnetic waveguides, signal integrity (SI) problems and smart antenna systems for wireless networks.
Professor Luca Roselli, University of Perugia, Italy
Luca Roselli is Director of the Science & Technology Committee of the research center 'Pischiello' for the development of automotive and communication technologies. His scientific interests include the design of high-frequency electronic circuits, systems and RFID sensors.
Professor Paolo Arcioni, University of Pavia, Italy
Paolo Arcioni is a reviewer for the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a member of the European Microwave Association, and of the Societa Italiana di Elettromagnetismo.
Apostolos Georgiadis received his PhD in electrical engineering from University of Massachusetts, USA. He worked as a systems engineer involved with CMOS transceivers for WiFi applications before returning to academia. His current research interests include active antennas and radio frequency identification technology and energy harvesting.
Professor Hendrik Rogier, Ghent University, Belgium
Hendrik Rogier is a Senior Member of the IEEE. His research interests include the analysis of electromagnetic waveguides, signal integrity (SI) problems and smart antenna systems for wireless networks.
Professor Luca Roselli, University of Perugia, Italy
Luca Roselli is Director of the Science & Technology Committee of the research center 'Pischiello' for the development of automotive and communication technologies. His scientific interests include the design of high-frequency electronic circuits, systems and RFID sensors.
Professor Paolo Arcioni, University of Pavia, Italy
Paolo Arcioni is a reviewer for the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a member of the European Microwave Association, and of the Societa Italiana di Elettromagnetismo.
Content
About the Editors xiii
About the Authors xvii
Preface xxxi
List of Abbreviations xli
List of Symbols xlv
Part I DESIGN AND MODELING TRENDS
1 Low Coefficient Accurate Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeter Wave Nonlinear Transmitter Power Amplifier Behavioural Models 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Chapter Structure 4
1.1.2 LDMOS PA Measurements 4
1.1.3 BF Model 7
1.1.4 Modified BF Model (MBF) - Derivation 8
1.1.5 MBF Models of an LDMOS PA 13
1.1.6 MBF Model - Accuracy and Performance Comparisons 15
1.1.7 MBF Model - the Memoryless PA Behavioural Model of Choice 22
Acknowledgements 24
References 24
2 Artificial Neural Network in Microwave Cavity Filter Tuning 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Artificial Neural Networks Filter Tuning 28
2.2.1 The Inverse Model of the Filter 29
2.2.2 Sequential Method 30
2.2.3 Parallel Method 31
2.2.4 Discussion on the ANN's Input Data 33
2.3 Practical Implementation - Tuning Experiments 36
2.3.1 Sequential Method 36
2.3.2 Parallel Method 41
2.4 Influence of the Filter Characteristic Domain on Algorithm Efficiency 43
2.5 Robots in the Microwave Filter Tuning 47
2.6 Conclusions 49
Acknowledgement 49
References 49
3 Wideband Directive Antennas with High Impedance Surfaces 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 High Impedance Surfaces (HIS) Used as an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) for Antenna Applications 52
3.2.1 AMC Characterization 52
3.2.2 Antenna over AMC: Principle 55
3.2.3 AMC's Wideband Issues 55
3.3 Wideband Directive Antenna Using AMC with a Lumped Element 57
3.3.1 Bow-Tie Antenna in Free Space 57
3.3.2 AMC Reflector Design 59
3.3.3 Performances of the Bow-Tie Antenna over AMC 60
3.3.4 AMC Optimization 61
3.4 Wideband Directive Antenna Using a Hybrid AMC 64
3.4.1 Performances of a Diamond Dipole Antenna over the AMC 65
3.4.2 Beam Splitting Identification and Cancellation Method 69
3.4.3 Performances with the Hybrid AMC 73
3.5 Conclusion 78
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
4 Characterization of Software-Defined and Cognitive Radio Front-Ends for Multimode Operation 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Multiband Multimode Receiver Architectures 84
4.3 Wideband Nonlinear Behavioral Modeling 87
4.3.1 Details of the BPSR Architecture 87
4.3.2 Proposed Wideband Behavioral Model 89
4.3.3 Parameter Extraction Procedure 92
4.4 Model Validation with a QPSK Signal 95
4.4.1 Frequency Domain Results 95
4.4.2 Symbol Evaluation Results 98
References 99
5 Impact and Digital Suppression of Oscillator Phase Noise in Radio Communications 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Phase Noise Modelling 104
5.2.1 Free-Running Oscillator 104
5.2.2 Phase-Locked Loop Oscillator 105
5.2.3 Generalized Oscillator 107
5.3 OFDM Radio Link Modelling and Performance under Phase Noise 109
5.3.1 Effect of Phase Noise in Direct-Conversion Receivers 110
5.3.2 Effect of Phase Noise and the Signal Model on OFDM 110
5.3.3 OFDM Link SINR Analysis under Phase Noise 113
5.3.4 OFDM Link Capacity Analysis under Phase Noise 114
5.4 Digital Phase Noise Suppression 118
5.4.1 State of the Art in Phase Noise Estimation and Mitigation 119
5.4.2 Recent Contributions to Phase Noise Estimation and Mitigation 122
5.4.3 Performance of the Algorithms 128
5.5 Conclusions 129
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
6 A Pragmatic Approach to Cooperative Positioning in Wireless Sensor Networks 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks 136
6.2.1 Range-Free Methods 136
6.2.2 Range-Based Methods 139
6.2.3 Cooperative versus Noncooperative 142
6.3 Cooperative Positioning 142
6.3.1 Centralized Algorithms 143
6.3.2 Distributed Algorithms 144
6.4 RSS-Based Cooperative Positioning 147
6.4.1 Measurement Phase 147
6.4.2 Location Update Phase 148
6.5 Node Selection 150
6.5.1 Energy Consumption Model 152
6.5.2 Node Selection Mechanisms 153
6.5.3 Joint Node Selection and Path Loss Exponent Estimation 156
6.6 Numerical Results 160
6.6.1 OLPL-NS-LS Performance 164
6.6.2 Comparison with Existing Methods 164
6.7 Experimental Results 166
6.7.1 Scenario 1 166
6.7.2 Scenario 2 169
6.8 Conclusions 169
References 170
7 Modelling of Substrate Noise and Mitigation Schemes for UWB Systems 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.1.1 Ultra Wideband Systems - Developments and Challenges 174
7.1.2 Switching Noise - Origin and Coupling Mechanisms 175
7.2 Impact Evaluation of Substrate Noise 176
7.2.1 Experimental Impact Evaluation on a UWB LNA 177
7.2.2 Results and Discussion 178
7.2.3 Conclusion 181
7.3 Analytical Modelling of Switching Noise in Lightly Doped Substrate 182
7.3.1 Introduction 182
7.3.2 The GAP Model 185
7.3.3 The Statistic Model 192
7.3.4 Conclusion 195
7.4 Substrate Noise Suppression and Isolation for UWB Systems 195
7.4.1 Introduction 195
7.4.2 Active Suppression of Switching Noise in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits 196
7.5 Summary 204
References 205
Part II APPLICATIONS
8 Short-Range Tracking of Moving Targets by a Handheld UWB Radar System 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Handheld UWB Radar System 210
8.3 UWB Radar Signal Processing 210
8.3.1 Raw Radar Data Preprocessing 211
8.3.2 Background Subtraction 212
8.3.3 Weak Signal Enhancement 213
8.3.4 Target Detection 214
8.3.5 Time-of-Arrival Estimation 215
8.3.6 Target Localization 217
8.3.7 Target Tracking 217
8.4 Short-Range Tracking Illustration 218
8.5 Conclusions 223
Acknowledgement 224
References 224
9 Advances in the Theory and Implementation of GNSS Antenna Array Receivers 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 GNSS: Satellite-Based Navigation Systems 228
9.3 Challenges in the Acquisition and Tracking of GNSS Signals 230
9.3.1 Interferences 232
9.3.2 Multipath Propagation 232
9.4 Design of Antenna Arrays for GNSS 233
9.4.1 Hardware Components Design 234
9.4.2 Array Signal Processing in the Digital Domain 239
9.5 Receiver Implementation Trade-Offs 244
9.5.1 Computational Resources Required 244
9.5.2 Clock Domain Crossing in FPGAs/Synchronization Issues 247
9.6 Practical Examples of Experimentation Systems 248
9.6.1 L1 Array Receiver of CTTC, Spain 248
9.6.2 GALANT, a Multifrequency GPS/Galileo Array Receiver of DLR, Germany 253
References 272
10 Multiband RF Front-Ends for Radar and Communications Applications 275
10.1 Introduction 275
10.1.1 Standard Approaches for RF Front-Ends 275
10.1.2 Acquisition of Multiband Signals 276
10.1.3 The Direct-Sampling Architecture 277
10.2 Minimum Sub-Nyquist Sampling 278
10.2.1 Mathematical Approach 278
10.2.2 Acquisition of Dual-Band Signals 279
10.2.3 Acquisition of Evenly Spaced Equal-Bandwidth Multiband Signals 282
10.3 Simulation Results 284
10.3.1 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Cases 284
10.3.2 Verification of the Mathematical Framework 285
10.4 Design of Signal-Interference Multiband Bandpass Filters 287
10.4.1 Evenly Spaced Equal-Bandwidth Multiband Bandpass Filters 288
10.4.2 Stepped-Impedance Line Asymmetrical Multiband Bandpass Filters 289
10.5 Building and Testing of Direct-Sampling RF Front-Ends 290
10.5.1 Quad-Band Bandpass Filter 290
10.5.2 Asymmetrical Dual-Band Bandpass Filter 291
10.6 Conclusions 293
References 294
11 Mm-Wave Broadband Wireless Systems and Enabling MMIC Technologies 295
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 V-Band Standards and Applications 297
11.2.1 IEEE 802.15.3c Standard 297
11.2.2 ECMA-387 Standard 299
11.2.3 WirelessHD 300
11.2.4 WiGig Standard 301
11.3 V-Band System Architectures 302
11.3.1 Super-Heterodyne Architecture 302
11.3.2 Direct Conversion Architecture 303
11.3.3 Bits to RF and RF to Bits Radio Architectures 305
11.4 SiGeV-Band MMIC 306
11.4.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator 307
11.4.2 Active Receive Balun 310
11.4.3 On-Chip Butler Matrix 313
11.4.4 High GBPsSiGeV-Band SPST Switch Design Considerations 317
11.5 Outlook 320
References 322
12 Reconfigurable RF Circuits and RF-MEMS 325
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 Reconfigurable RF Circuits - Transistor-Based Solutions 326
12.2.1 Programmable Microwave Function Arrays 326
12.2.2 PROMFA Concept 327
12.2.3 Design Example: Tunable Band Passfilter 331
12.2.4 Design Examples: Beamforming Network, LNA and VCO 333
12.3 Reconfigurable RF Circuits Using RF-MEMS 335
12.3.1 Integration of RF-MEMS and Active RF Devices 336
12.3.2 Monolithic Integration of RF-MEMS in GaAs/GaN MMIC Processes 337
12.3.3 Monolithic Integration of RF-MEMS in SiGeBiCMOS Process 342
12.3.4 Design Example: RF-MEMS Reconfigurable LNA 344
12.3.5 RF-MEMS-Based Phase Shifters for Electronic Beam Steering 348
12.4 Conclusions 353
References 353
13 MIOS: Millimeter Wave Radiometers for the Space-Based Observation of the Sun 357
13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Scientific Background 358
13.3 Quiet-Sun Spectral Flux Density 359
13.4 Radiation Mechanism in Flares 361
13.5 Open Problems 361
13.6 Solar Flares Spectral Flux Density 363
13.7 Solar Flares Peak Flux Distribution 364
13.8 Atmospheric Variability 365
13.9 Ionospheric Variability 366
13.10 Antenna Design 369
13.11 Antenna Noise Temperature 371
13.12 Antenna Pointing and Radiometric Background 373
13.13 Instrument Resolution 373
13.14 System Overview 374
13.15 System Design 376
13.16 Calibration Circuitry 378
13.17 Retrieval Equations 381
13.18 Periodicity of the Calibrations 381
13.19 Conclusions 384
References 384
14 Active Antennas in Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology 387
14.1 Introduction 387
14.2 Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology 388
14.3 Passive SIW Cavity-Backed Antennas 388
14.3.1 Passive SIW Patch Cavity-Backed Antenna 389
14.3.2 Passive SIW Slot Cavity-Backed Antenna 391
14.4 SIW Cavity-Backed Antenna Oscillators 395
14.4.1 SIW Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna Oscillator 395
14.4.2 SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna Oscillator with Frequency Tuning 397
14.4.3 Compact SIW Patch Antenna Oscillator with Frequency Tuning 401
14.5 SIW-Based Coupled Oscillator Arrays 406
14.5.1 Design of Coupled Oscillator Systems for Power Combining 407
14.5.2 Coupled Oscillator Array with Beam-Scanning Capabilities 412
14.6 Conclusions 414
References 415
15 Active Wearable Antenna Modules 417
15.1 Introduction 417
15.2 Electromagnetic Characterization of Fabrics and Flexible Foam Materials 419
15.2.1 Electromagnetic Property Considerations for Wearable Antenna Materials 419
15.2.2 Characterization Techniques Applied to Wearable Antenna Materials 419
15.2.3 Matrix-Pencil Two-Line Method 420
15.2.4 Small-Band Inverse Planar Antenna Resonator Method 427
15.3 Active Antenna Modules for Wearable Textile Systems 436
15.3.1 Active Wearable Antenna with Optimized Noise Characteristics 436
15.3.2 Solar Cell Integration with Wearable Textile Antennas 445
15.4 Conclusions 451
References 452
16 Novel Wearable Sensors for Body Area Network Applications 455
16.1 Body Area Networks 455
16.1.1 Potential Sheet-Shaped Communication Surface Configurations 456
16.1.2 Wireless Body Area Network 460
16.1.3 Chapter Flow Summary 460
16.2 Design of a 2-D Array Free Access Mat 460
16.2.1 Coupling of External Antennas 462
16.2.2 2-D Array Performance Characterization by Measurement 464
16.2.3 Accessible Range of External Antennas on the 2-D Array 467
16.3 Textile-Based Free Access Mat: Flexible Interface for Body-Centric Wireless Communications 467
16.3.1 Wearable Waveguide 470
16.3.2 Summary on the Proposed Wearable Waveguide 475
16.4 Proposed WBAN Application 476
16.4.1 Concept 476
16.5 Summary 478
Acknowledgment 478
References 478
17 Wideband Antennas for Wireless Technologies: Trends and Applications 481
17.1 Introduction 481
17.1.1 Antenna Concept 482
17.2 Wideband Antennas 483
17.2.1 Travelling Wave Antennas 483
17.2.2 Frequency Independent Antennas 484
17.2.3 Self-Complementary Antennas 485
17.2.4 Applications 486
17.2.5 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Arrays: Vivaldi Antenna Arrays 489
17.2.6 Wideband Microstrip Antennas: Stacked Patch Antennas 495
17.3 Antenna Measurements 496
17.4 Antenna Trends and Applications 498
17.4.1 Phase Arrays and Smart Antennas 499
17.4.2 Wearable Antennas 502
17.4.3 Capsule Antennas for Medical Monitoring 503
17.4.4 RF Hyperthermia 503
17.4.5 Wireless Energy Transfer 503
17.4.6 Implantable Antennas 503
Acknowledgements 504
References 504
18 Concluding Remarks 509
Index 511
About the Authors xvii
Preface xxxi
List of Abbreviations xli
List of Symbols xlv
Part I DESIGN AND MODELING TRENDS
1 Low Coefficient Accurate Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeter Wave Nonlinear Transmitter Power Amplifier Behavioural Models 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Chapter Structure 4
1.1.2 LDMOS PA Measurements 4
1.1.3 BF Model 7
1.1.4 Modified BF Model (MBF) - Derivation 8
1.1.5 MBF Models of an LDMOS PA 13
1.1.6 MBF Model - Accuracy and Performance Comparisons 15
1.1.7 MBF Model - the Memoryless PA Behavioural Model of Choice 22
Acknowledgements 24
References 24
2 Artificial Neural Network in Microwave Cavity Filter Tuning 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Artificial Neural Networks Filter Tuning 28
2.2.1 The Inverse Model of the Filter 29
2.2.2 Sequential Method 30
2.2.3 Parallel Method 31
2.2.4 Discussion on the ANN's Input Data 33
2.3 Practical Implementation - Tuning Experiments 36
2.3.1 Sequential Method 36
2.3.2 Parallel Method 41
2.4 Influence of the Filter Characteristic Domain on Algorithm Efficiency 43
2.5 Robots in the Microwave Filter Tuning 47
2.6 Conclusions 49
Acknowledgement 49
References 49
3 Wideband Directive Antennas with High Impedance Surfaces 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 High Impedance Surfaces (HIS) Used as an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) for Antenna Applications 52
3.2.1 AMC Characterization 52
3.2.2 Antenna over AMC: Principle 55
3.2.3 AMC's Wideband Issues 55
3.3 Wideband Directive Antenna Using AMC with a Lumped Element 57
3.3.1 Bow-Tie Antenna in Free Space 57
3.3.2 AMC Reflector Design 59
3.3.3 Performances of the Bow-Tie Antenna over AMC 60
3.3.4 AMC Optimization 61
3.4 Wideband Directive Antenna Using a Hybrid AMC 64
3.4.1 Performances of a Diamond Dipole Antenna over the AMC 65
3.4.2 Beam Splitting Identification and Cancellation Method 69
3.4.3 Performances with the Hybrid AMC 73
3.5 Conclusion 78
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
4 Characterization of Software-Defined and Cognitive Radio Front-Ends for Multimode Operation 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Multiband Multimode Receiver Architectures 84
4.3 Wideband Nonlinear Behavioral Modeling 87
4.3.1 Details of the BPSR Architecture 87
4.3.2 Proposed Wideband Behavioral Model 89
4.3.3 Parameter Extraction Procedure 92
4.4 Model Validation with a QPSK Signal 95
4.4.1 Frequency Domain Results 95
4.4.2 Symbol Evaluation Results 98
References 99
5 Impact and Digital Suppression of Oscillator Phase Noise in Radio Communications 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Phase Noise Modelling 104
5.2.1 Free-Running Oscillator 104
5.2.2 Phase-Locked Loop Oscillator 105
5.2.3 Generalized Oscillator 107
5.3 OFDM Radio Link Modelling and Performance under Phase Noise 109
5.3.1 Effect of Phase Noise in Direct-Conversion Receivers 110
5.3.2 Effect of Phase Noise and the Signal Model on OFDM 110
5.3.3 OFDM Link SINR Analysis under Phase Noise 113
5.3.4 OFDM Link Capacity Analysis under Phase Noise 114
5.4 Digital Phase Noise Suppression 118
5.4.1 State of the Art in Phase Noise Estimation and Mitigation 119
5.4.2 Recent Contributions to Phase Noise Estimation and Mitigation 122
5.4.3 Performance of the Algorithms 128
5.5 Conclusions 129
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
6 A Pragmatic Approach to Cooperative Positioning in Wireless Sensor Networks 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks 136
6.2.1 Range-Free Methods 136
6.2.2 Range-Based Methods 139
6.2.3 Cooperative versus Noncooperative 142
6.3 Cooperative Positioning 142
6.3.1 Centralized Algorithms 143
6.3.2 Distributed Algorithms 144
6.4 RSS-Based Cooperative Positioning 147
6.4.1 Measurement Phase 147
6.4.2 Location Update Phase 148
6.5 Node Selection 150
6.5.1 Energy Consumption Model 152
6.5.2 Node Selection Mechanisms 153
6.5.3 Joint Node Selection and Path Loss Exponent Estimation 156
6.6 Numerical Results 160
6.6.1 OLPL-NS-LS Performance 164
6.6.2 Comparison with Existing Methods 164
6.7 Experimental Results 166
6.7.1 Scenario 1 166
6.7.2 Scenario 2 169
6.8 Conclusions 169
References 170
7 Modelling of Substrate Noise and Mitigation Schemes for UWB Systems 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.1.1 Ultra Wideband Systems - Developments and Challenges 174
7.1.2 Switching Noise - Origin and Coupling Mechanisms 175
7.2 Impact Evaluation of Substrate Noise 176
7.2.1 Experimental Impact Evaluation on a UWB LNA 177
7.2.2 Results and Discussion 178
7.2.3 Conclusion 181
7.3 Analytical Modelling of Switching Noise in Lightly Doped Substrate 182
7.3.1 Introduction 182
7.3.2 The GAP Model 185
7.3.3 The Statistic Model 192
7.3.4 Conclusion 195
7.4 Substrate Noise Suppression and Isolation for UWB Systems 195
7.4.1 Introduction 195
7.4.2 Active Suppression of Switching Noise in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits 196
7.5 Summary 204
References 205
Part II APPLICATIONS
8 Short-Range Tracking of Moving Targets by a Handheld UWB Radar System 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Handheld UWB Radar System 210
8.3 UWB Radar Signal Processing 210
8.3.1 Raw Radar Data Preprocessing 211
8.3.2 Background Subtraction 212
8.3.3 Weak Signal Enhancement 213
8.3.4 Target Detection 214
8.3.5 Time-of-Arrival Estimation 215
8.3.6 Target Localization 217
8.3.7 Target Tracking 217
8.4 Short-Range Tracking Illustration 218
8.5 Conclusions 223
Acknowledgement 224
References 224
9 Advances in the Theory and Implementation of GNSS Antenna Array Receivers 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 GNSS: Satellite-Based Navigation Systems 228
9.3 Challenges in the Acquisition and Tracking of GNSS Signals 230
9.3.1 Interferences 232
9.3.2 Multipath Propagation 232
9.4 Design of Antenna Arrays for GNSS 233
9.4.1 Hardware Components Design 234
9.4.2 Array Signal Processing in the Digital Domain 239
9.5 Receiver Implementation Trade-Offs 244
9.5.1 Computational Resources Required 244
9.5.2 Clock Domain Crossing in FPGAs/Synchronization Issues 247
9.6 Practical Examples of Experimentation Systems 248
9.6.1 L1 Array Receiver of CTTC, Spain 248
9.6.2 GALANT, a Multifrequency GPS/Galileo Array Receiver of DLR, Germany 253
References 272
10 Multiband RF Front-Ends for Radar and Communications Applications 275
10.1 Introduction 275
10.1.1 Standard Approaches for RF Front-Ends 275
10.1.2 Acquisition of Multiband Signals 276
10.1.3 The Direct-Sampling Architecture 277
10.2 Minimum Sub-Nyquist Sampling 278
10.2.1 Mathematical Approach 278
10.2.2 Acquisition of Dual-Band Signals 279
10.2.3 Acquisition of Evenly Spaced Equal-Bandwidth Multiband Signals 282
10.3 Simulation Results 284
10.3.1 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Cases 284
10.3.2 Verification of the Mathematical Framework 285
10.4 Design of Signal-Interference Multiband Bandpass Filters 287
10.4.1 Evenly Spaced Equal-Bandwidth Multiband Bandpass Filters 288
10.4.2 Stepped-Impedance Line Asymmetrical Multiband Bandpass Filters 289
10.5 Building and Testing of Direct-Sampling RF Front-Ends 290
10.5.1 Quad-Band Bandpass Filter 290
10.5.2 Asymmetrical Dual-Band Bandpass Filter 291
10.6 Conclusions 293
References 294
11 Mm-Wave Broadband Wireless Systems and Enabling MMIC Technologies 295
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 V-Band Standards and Applications 297
11.2.1 IEEE 802.15.3c Standard 297
11.2.2 ECMA-387 Standard 299
11.2.3 WirelessHD 300
11.2.4 WiGig Standard 301
11.3 V-Band System Architectures 302
11.3.1 Super-Heterodyne Architecture 302
11.3.2 Direct Conversion Architecture 303
11.3.3 Bits to RF and RF to Bits Radio Architectures 305
11.4 SiGeV-Band MMIC 306
11.4.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator 307
11.4.2 Active Receive Balun 310
11.4.3 On-Chip Butler Matrix 313
11.4.4 High GBPsSiGeV-Band SPST Switch Design Considerations 317
11.5 Outlook 320
References 322
12 Reconfigurable RF Circuits and RF-MEMS 325
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 Reconfigurable RF Circuits - Transistor-Based Solutions 326
12.2.1 Programmable Microwave Function Arrays 326
12.2.2 PROMFA Concept 327
12.2.3 Design Example: Tunable Band Passfilter 331
12.2.4 Design Examples: Beamforming Network, LNA and VCO 333
12.3 Reconfigurable RF Circuits Using RF-MEMS 335
12.3.1 Integration of RF-MEMS and Active RF Devices 336
12.3.2 Monolithic Integration of RF-MEMS in GaAs/GaN MMIC Processes 337
12.3.3 Monolithic Integration of RF-MEMS in SiGeBiCMOS Process 342
12.3.4 Design Example: RF-MEMS Reconfigurable LNA 344
12.3.5 RF-MEMS-Based Phase Shifters for Electronic Beam Steering 348
12.4 Conclusions 353
References 353
13 MIOS: Millimeter Wave Radiometers for the Space-Based Observation of the Sun 357
13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Scientific Background 358
13.3 Quiet-Sun Spectral Flux Density 359
13.4 Radiation Mechanism in Flares 361
13.5 Open Problems 361
13.6 Solar Flares Spectral Flux Density 363
13.7 Solar Flares Peak Flux Distribution 364
13.8 Atmospheric Variability 365
13.9 Ionospheric Variability 366
13.10 Antenna Design 369
13.11 Antenna Noise Temperature 371
13.12 Antenna Pointing and Radiometric Background 373
13.13 Instrument Resolution 373
13.14 System Overview 374
13.15 System Design 376
13.16 Calibration Circuitry 378
13.17 Retrieval Equations 381
13.18 Periodicity of the Calibrations 381
13.19 Conclusions 384
References 384
14 Active Antennas in Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology 387
14.1 Introduction 387
14.2 Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology 388
14.3 Passive SIW Cavity-Backed Antennas 388
14.3.1 Passive SIW Patch Cavity-Backed Antenna 389
14.3.2 Passive SIW Slot Cavity-Backed Antenna 391
14.4 SIW Cavity-Backed Antenna Oscillators 395
14.4.1 SIW Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna Oscillator 395
14.4.2 SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna Oscillator with Frequency Tuning 397
14.4.3 Compact SIW Patch Antenna Oscillator with Frequency Tuning 401
14.5 SIW-Based Coupled Oscillator Arrays 406
14.5.1 Design of Coupled Oscillator Systems for Power Combining 407
14.5.2 Coupled Oscillator Array with Beam-Scanning Capabilities 412
14.6 Conclusions 414
References 415
15 Active Wearable Antenna Modules 417
15.1 Introduction 417
15.2 Electromagnetic Characterization of Fabrics and Flexible Foam Materials 419
15.2.1 Electromagnetic Property Considerations for Wearable Antenna Materials 419
15.2.2 Characterization Techniques Applied to Wearable Antenna Materials 419
15.2.3 Matrix-Pencil Two-Line Method 420
15.2.4 Small-Band Inverse Planar Antenna Resonator Method 427
15.3 Active Antenna Modules for Wearable Textile Systems 436
15.3.1 Active Wearable Antenna with Optimized Noise Characteristics 436
15.3.2 Solar Cell Integration with Wearable Textile Antennas 445
15.4 Conclusions 451
References 452
16 Novel Wearable Sensors for Body Area Network Applications 455
16.1 Body Area Networks 455
16.1.1 Potential Sheet-Shaped Communication Surface Configurations 456
16.1.2 Wireless Body Area Network 460
16.1.3 Chapter Flow Summary 460
16.2 Design of a 2-D Array Free Access Mat 460
16.2.1 Coupling of External Antennas 462
16.2.2 2-D Array Performance Characterization by Measurement 464
16.2.3 Accessible Range of External Antennas on the 2-D Array 467
16.3 Textile-Based Free Access Mat: Flexible Interface for Body-Centric Wireless Communications 467
16.3.1 Wearable Waveguide 470
16.3.2 Summary on the Proposed Wearable Waveguide 475
16.4 Proposed WBAN Application 476
16.4.1 Concept 476
16.5 Summary 478
Acknowledgment 478
References 478
17 Wideband Antennas for Wireless Technologies: Trends and Applications 481
17.1 Introduction 481
17.1.1 Antenna Concept 482
17.2 Wideband Antennas 483
17.2.1 Travelling Wave Antennas 483
17.2.2 Frequency Independent Antennas 484
17.2.3 Self-Complementary Antennas 485
17.2.4 Applications 486
17.2.5 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Arrays: Vivaldi Antenna Arrays 489
17.2.6 Wideband Microstrip Antennas: Stacked Patch Antennas 495
17.3 Antenna Measurements 496
17.4 Antenna Trends and Applications 498
17.4.1 Phase Arrays and Smart Antennas 499
17.4.2 Wearable Antennas 502
17.4.3 Capsule Antennas for Medical Monitoring 503
17.4.4 RF Hyperthermia 503
17.4.5 Wireless Energy Transfer 503
17.4.6 Implantable Antennas 503
Acknowledgements 504
References 504
18 Concluding Remarks 509
Index 511