Oxidative Injury in Dermatopathology

1 History of a Concept.- 2 The Skin and Oxidative Stress.- A. Introduction.- I. Skin and Environmental Stress.- II. Oxidative Stress.- III. Skin as a Target Organ of Oxidative Injury.- B. Biological Oxidants.- I. Superoxide Anion Radical.- II. Hydrogen Peroxide.- III. Hydroxyl Radical.- IV. Singlet Oxygen.- V. Transition Metals.- VI. Radical Chelates.- VII. Hydroperoxides and Lipid Radicals.- VIII. Thiyl Radicals.- C. Production Sites of Reactive Oxidants in Skin.- I. Plasma Membrane.- II. Mitochondria.- III. Microsomes.- IV. Peroxisomes.- V. Cytosol.- D. Targets of Reactive Oxidants in Skin.- I. Lipids.- 1. Skin Lipid Composition.- 2. Lipid Peroxidation in Skin.- II. Proteins.- 1. Collagen.- 2. Proteases and Antiproteases.- 3. Amyloid.- 4. Amino Acid Racemization.- III. Carbohydrates.- IV. Nucleic Acids.- E. The Antioxidant System of the Skin.- I. Superoxide Dismutase.- II. Catalase.- III. Peroxidases.- IV. The Enzymic Glutathione System.- V. Thioredoxin Reductase System.- VI. Lipoamide System.- VII. NADPH Ubiquinone Reductase.- VIII. Nonenzymic Protein Antioxidants.- IX. Hydrophilic Antioxidants.- 1. Thiols.- 2. Ascorbate.- 3. Urate.- X. Lipophilic Antioxidants.- 1. Tocopherol.- 2. Vitamin A and Carotenoids.- 3. Ubiquinols/Ubiquinones.- 4. Bilirubin.- XI. Antioxidant Capacity of Skin.- 1. Regulation of the Skin Antioxidant Potential.- F. Biological Models for Studying Oxygen Toxicity.- I. Exercise Training.- II. Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment.- 3 Reactive Oxidants and Antioxidants in Skin Pathophysiology.- A. Electromagnetic Radiation.- I. Ionizing Radiation.- 1. Formation of Reactive Species.- 2. Skin Damage.- 3. Ionizing Radiation and Lipid Peroxidation.- 4. Oxygen as a Radiation Sensitizer.- 5. Skin Radioprotection by Antioxidants.- II. Nonionizing Radiation.- 1. Formation of Reactive Oxidants by Ultraviolet Light.- 2. Ultraviolet-Light-Induced Skin Damage.- 3. Photoprotection by Antioxidants.- 4. Ultraviolet Light Effects on Skin Antioxidants.- 5. Infrared Radiation.- 6. Ultrasound.- III. Photosensitization.- 1. Endogenous Photosensitizers.- 2. Exogenous Photosensitizers.- IV. Photoaging.- V. Photocarcinogenesis.- 1. Photocarcinogenesis and Lipid Peroxidation.- 2. Photocarcinogenesis and Antioxidants.- VI. Photoimmunology.- VII. Skin Diseases with Abnormal Reactions to Light.- 1. Lupus Erythematosus.- 2. Diseases with Increased Cellular Susceptibility.- B. Mechanical and Thermal Skin Trauma.- I. Wound Healing.- II. Skin Burns.- C. Skin Ischemia.- I. Acute Skin Response to Ischemia.- II. Hematoma and Venous Ulcers.- III. Skin Ischemia after Burn/Frostbite.- D. Microbial Skin Diseases.- I. Autotoxicity.- E. Skin Aging.- I. Collagen.- II. Elastin.- III. Glycosaminoglycans.- IV. Lipid Peroxidation.- V. Fluorescent Pigments.- VI. Amyloid.- VII. Antioxidants.- F. Skin Immunology.- G. Skin Inflammation.- I. Phagocytes.- 1. Neutrophil Granulocytes.- 2. Eosinophil Granulocytes.- 3. Macrophages.- 4. Reactive Oxidants and Protease Inhibitors.- II. Immune Complexes and Endothelial Injury.- III. Clastogenic Products.- IV. Lipid Peroxidation Products.- V. Prostanoid Metabolism.- VI. Reactive Oxidants as Modulators of Inflammation.- H. Oxidative Injury in Skin Diseases.- I. Skin Diseases with Vasculitis.- 1. Neutrophilic Vasculitis.- 2. Lymphocytic Vasculitis.- II. Mesenchymal Autoimmune Disorders.- 1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- 2. Progressive Systemic Sclerosis.- III. Skin Diseases with Tissue Neutrophilia.- 1. Psoriasis Vulgaris.- 2. Sweet's Syndrome.- 3. Dermatitis Herpetiformis Duhring.- IV. Skin Diseases with Tissue Eosinophilia.- 1. Bullous Pemphigoid.- 2. Pemphigus Herpetiformis.- V. Skin Diseases with Tissue Lymphocytosis.- 1. Atopic Dermatitis.- VI. Skin Diseases with Deficiency in Nutritional Antioxidants.- 1. Kwashiorkor Dermatitis.- I. Skin Carcinogenesis.- I. Reactive Oxidants in Carcinogenesis.- II. Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor Promotion.- III. Peroxides as Tumor Promotors.- IV. Phorbol Ester Type Tumor Promotors.- V. Modulation of Pro- and Antioxidant Skin Enzymes by Tumor Promotors.- VI. Antioxidants as Antipromotors and Antiinitiators.- VII. Endogenous Antioxidants in Skin Neoplasms.- 4 Dermatopharmacology.- A. Chemotherapy.- I. Tocopherol.- II. Superoxide Dismutase.- III. Retinoids.- IV. Carotenoids.- V. Anthralin.- VI. Organic Gold Compounds.- VII. Glucocorticosteroids and Nonsteroidal Antiphlogistic Drugs.- VIII. Tetracyclines.- IX. Metronidazole.- X. Colchicine.- XI. Dapsone.- XII. Clofazimine.- XIII. Thalidomide.- XIV. Iodide.- XV. Chloroquine.- XVI. Flavonoids.- XVII. Zinc.- XVIII. Benzoyl Peroxide.- XIX. Tetrachlorodecaoxide.- XX. Dimethylsulfoxide.- XXI. Hyperbaric Oxygen.- B. Photochemotherapy.- I. 8-Methoxypsoralen.- II. Hematoporphyrin.- III. Goeckermann Therapy.- IV. Ingram Therapy.- 5 Dermatotoxicology.- A. Irritant Contact Dermatitis and Skin Necrosis.- I. Lipid Peroxidation Products.- II. Anticancer Agents.- III. Charge Transfer Mechanism.- IV. Chemical Warfare Agents.- B. Allergic Contact Dermatitis.- C. Chemical-Induced Skin Sclerosis.- I. Paraquat-Induced Lung Fibrosis.- II. Skin Sclerosis.- III. Chemical-Induced Scleroderma.- 1. Quartz.- 2. Bleomycin.- 3. Vitamin K1.- 4. Toxic Oil Syndrome.- 5. Biogenic Amines.- 6. Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- D. Chemical Leukoderma.- E. Chemical-Induced Comedogenesis.- Synopsis.- References.