Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Note to Students. 1.2 Scope of Fluid Mechanics. 1.3 Definition of a Fluid. 1.4 Basic Equations. 1.5 Methods of Analysis. 1.6 Dimensions and Units. 1.7 Analysis of Experimental Error. 1.8 Summary. Problems. CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS. 2.1 Fluid as a Continuum. 2.2 Velocity Field. 2.3 Stress Field. 2.4 Viscosity. 2.5 Surface Tension. 2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions. 2.7 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS. 3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics. 3.2 The Standard Atmosphere. 3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid. 3.4 Hydraulic Systems. 3.5 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces. 3.6 Buoyancy and Stability. 3.7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (on the Web). 3.8 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME. 4.1 Basic Laws for a System. 4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation. 4.3 Conservation of Mass. 4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume. 4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration. 4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (on the Web). 4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle. 4.8 The First Law of Thermodynamics. 4.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 4.10 Summary and Useful Equations. Problems. CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION. 5.1 Conservation of Mass. 5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow. 5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics). 5.4 Momentum Equation. 5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics. 5.6 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW. 6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equation. 6.2 Euler's Equations in Streamline Coordinates. 6.3 Bernoulli Equation-Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow. 6.4 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation. 6.5 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line. 6.6 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline (on the Web). 6.7 Irrotational Flow. 6.8 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE. 7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations. 7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis. 7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem . 7.4 Determining the PI Groups. 7.5 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics. 7.6 Flow Similarity and Model Studies. 7.7 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW. 8.1 Introduction. PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW. 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates. 8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe. PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS. 8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow. 8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow. 8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow. 8.7 Calculation of Head Loss. 8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems. PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT. 8.9 Direct Methods. 8.10 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows. 8.11 Linear Flow Meters. 8.12 Traversing Methods. 8.13 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW. PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS. 9.1 The Boundary-Layer Concept. 9.2 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses. 9.3 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (on the Web). 9.4 Momentum Integral Equation. 9.5 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient. 9.6 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow. PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES. 9.7 Drag. 9.8 Lift. 9.9 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY. 10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines. 10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis. 10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers. 10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps. 10.5 Hydraulic Turbines. 10.6 Propellers and Wind-Power Machines. 10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines. 10.8 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. 11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. 11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows. 11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow). 11.4 The Hydraulic Jump. 11.5 Steady Uniform Flow. 11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth. 11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs. 11.8 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW. 12.1 Review of Thermodynamics. 12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves. 12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties. 12.4 Critical Conditions. 12.5 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. CHAPTER 13 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW. 13.1 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow. 13.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation. 13.3 Normal Shocks. 13.4 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks. 13.5 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction. 13.6 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange. 13.7 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves. 13.8 Summary and Useful Equations. References. Problems. APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA. APPENDIX B EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES. APPENDIX C VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS. APPENDIX D SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS. APPENDIX E FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW. APPENDIX F ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY. APPENDIX G SI UNITS, PREFIXES, AND CONVERSION FACTORS. APPENDIX H A BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL (ON THE WEB). Answers to Selected Problems. Index.