Insect Biodiversity

1 Introduction 1 2 The Importance of Insects 9 Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45 3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47 4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic-Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65 5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93 6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111 7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141 Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203 8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205 9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229 10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279 11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337 12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419 13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463 Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497 14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499 15 Insect Species - Concepts and Practice 527 16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547 17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575 18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593 19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603 20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627 21 Adventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species that Become Invasive 641 22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713 23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747 24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767 25 Insect Biodiversity - Millions and Millions 783 List of Contributors xix Foreword, Second Edition xxiii Preface, First Edition xxvii Preface, Second Edition xxix Acknowledgements xxxi 1 Introduction 1 Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit References 5 2 The Importance of Insects 9 Geoffrey G. E. Scudder 2.1 Diversity 9 2.2 Ecological Role 10 2.3 Effects on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Human Health 13 2.4 Insects and Advances in Science 14 2.5 Insects and the Public 23 References 25 Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45 3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47 Hugh V. Danks and Andrew B. T. Smith 3.1 Influence of Insect Biodiversity on Society in the Nearctic Region 49 3.2 Insect Conservation 50 3.3 Species Diversity and the State of Knowledge 53 3.4 Variations in Biodiversity 56 3.5 Conclusions and Needs 58 Acknowledgments 60 References 60 4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic-Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65 Terry L. Erwin, Laura S. Zamorano and Christy J. Geraci 4.1 The Climatic Setting and Critical Zone Establishment 69 4.2 Characterization of Typical Lowland Rainforest Composition in the Western Basin 71 4.3 Sampling Arthropod Biodiversity in Amazonian Forests 73 4.4 Richness of Various Lineages and Guilds 79 4.5 General Patterns 79 4.6 Morphospecies Richness to Biodiversity 80 4.7 Beetles: Life Attributes Have Led to Contemporary Hyperdiversity 83 4.8 Summary and Guide to Future Research, or "Taking a Small Step into the Biodiversity Vortex" 85 Acknowledgments 86 References 86 5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93 Clarke H. Scholtz and Mervyn W. Mansell 5.1 What Do We Know about Afrotropical Insects? 95 5.2 An Information-Management Program 95 5.3 The Role of Insects in Ecosystem Processes and as Indicators of Environmental Quality - Dung Beetles as a Case Study 98 5.4 Africa-Wide Pests and Training Appropriate Taxonomists - Fruit Flies as a Case Study 100 5.5 Sentinel Groups 103 5.6 Conclusions 105 References 107 6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111 Peter S. Cranston 6.1 Australasia - The Locale 111 6.2 Some Highlights of Australasian Insect Biodiversity 112 6.3 Drowning by Numbers? How Many Insect Species are in Australasia? 116 6.4 Australasian Insect Biodiversity - Overview and Special Elements 118 6.5 Threatening Processes to Australasian Insect Biodiversity 123 6.6 Australasian Biodiversity Conservation 127 6.7 Conclusion 129 References 129 7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141 Boris A. Korotyaev, Alexander S. Konstantinov and Mark G. Volkovitsh 7.1 Preface: Societal Importance of Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141 7.2 Introduction 144 7.3 Geographic Position, Climate, and Zonality 144 7.4 General Features of Palearctic Insect Biodiversity 148 7.5 Biodiversity of Some Insect Groups in the Palearctic 153 7.6 Biodiversity of Insect Herbivores 158 7.7 Boundaries and Insect Biodiversity 162 7.8 Local Biodiversity 164 7.9 Insect Biodiversity and Habitats 166 7.10 Insect Biodiversity and the Mountains 169 7.11 Temporal Changes in Insect Biodiversity 171 7.12 Insect Diversity in Major Biogeographical Divisions of the Palearctic 172 Acknowledgments 187 References 189 Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203 8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205 John C. Morse 8.1 Overview of Taxa 206 8.2 Species Numbers 212 8.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 214 8.4 Biodiversity Concerns for Aquatic Insects 218 References 220 9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229 Gregory W. Courtney, Thomas Pape, Jeffrey H. Skevington and Bradley J. Sinclair 9.1 Overview of Taxa 239 9.2 Societal Importance 246 9.3 Diptera of Forensic, Medicolegal, and Medical Importance 253 9.4 Diptera as Model Organisms and Research Tools 253 9.5 Diptera in Conservation 254 9.6 Diptera as Part of Our Cultural Legacy 256 References 257 10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279 Thomas J. Henry 10.1 Overview of the Heteroptera 280 10.2 The Importance of Heteropteran Biodiversity 311 Acknowledgments 313 References 313 11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337 Patrice Bouchard, Andrew B. T. Smith, Hume Douglas, Matthew L. Gimmel, Adam J. Brunke and Kojun Kanda 11.1 Overview of Extant Taxa 344 11.2 Overview of Fossil Taxa 357 11.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 357 11.4 Threatened Beetles 394 11.5 Conclusions 395 Acknowledgments 395 References 395 12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419 John T. Huber 12.1 Evolution and Higher Classification 422 12.2 Numbers of Species and Individuals 426 12.3 Morphological and Biological Diversity 428 12.4 Importance to Humans 430 12.5 Ecological Importance 431 12.6 Conservation 432 12.7 Fossils 432 12.8 Collecting, Preservation, and Study Techniques 433 12.9 Taxonomic Diversity 436 12.10 Summary and Conclusions 445 Acknowledgments 446 References 446 13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463 Paul Z. Goldstein 13.1 Relevance of Lepidoptera: Science 464 13.2 Relevance of Lepidoptera: Society 465 13.3 Diversity and Diversification: A Clarification of Numbers and Challenges 466 13.4 State of Lepidopteran Systematics and Phylogenetics 467 13.5 General Overview 468 13.6 Needs and Challenges for Advancing Lepidopteran Studies 488 Acknowledgments 489 References 489 Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497 14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499 Quentin D. Wheeler and Kelly B. Miller 14.1 The What and Why of Taxonomy 500 14.2 Insect Taxonomy: Missions and "Big Questions" 509 14.3 Insect Taxonomy's Grand Challenge Questions 510 14.4 Transforming Insect Taxonomy 513 14.5 Insect Taxonomy: Needs and Priorities 514 14.6 Accelerating Descriptive Taxonomy 517 14.7 Beware Sirens of Expediency 521 14.8 Conclusions 522 References 522 15 Insect Species - Concepts and Practice 527 Michael F. Claridge 15.1 Early Species Concepts - Linnaeus 528 15.2 Biological Species Concepts 529 15.3 Phylogenetic Species Concepts 533 15.4 Species Concepts and Speciation - a Digression? 534 15.5 Insect Species - Practical Problems 535 15.6 Conclusions 540 References 540 16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547 Amanda Roe, Julian Dupuis and Felix Sperling 16.1 Opportunities in Insect Taxonomy 547 16.2 Genomic Methods 553 16.3 General Challenges and Considerations 556 16.4 Conclusions 560 References 561 17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575 John-James Wilson, Kong-Wah Sing, Robin M. Floyd and Paul D. N. Hebert 17.1 Species Concepts and Recognition 576 17.2 DNA Barcoding Methodology 577 17.3 Basal Hexapod Orders 578 17.4 Archaeognatha (Bristletails) and Zygentoma (Silverfish) 580 17.5 Odonata (Dragonflies) 580 17.6 Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 580 17.7 Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) 580 17.8 Phasmatodea (Walking Sticks), Embioptera (Webspinners), Grylloblattodea (Icecrawlers), and Mantophasmatodea (Gladiators) 581 17.9 Plecoptera (Stoneflies) and Dermaptera (Earwigs) 581 17.10 Mantodea (Mantids) 581 17.11 Blattodea (Cockroaches) and Isoptera (Termites) 581 17.12 Psocoptera (Booklice) and Phthiraptera (Lice) 581 17.13 Thysanoptera (Thrips) and Hemiptera (True Bugs) 582 17.14 Hymenoptera (Wasps) 582 17.15 Strepsiptera (Twisted-wing Parasites) 582 17.16 Coleoptera (Beetles) 582 17.17 Neuroptera (Lacewings), Megaloptera (Dobsonflies), and Raphidioptera (Snakeflies) 583 17.18 Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 583 17.19 Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 583 17.20 Diptera (Flies) 584 17.21 Siphonaptera (Fleas) and Mecoptera (Scorpionflies) 584 17.22 Conclusions 584 Acknowledgments 585 References 585 18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593 Norman F. Johnson 18.1 Biodiversity Data 594 18.2 Technical Infrastructure 595 18.3 Standards 597 18.4 Current Status and Impediments to Progress 599 18.5 Prospects 600 Acknowledgments 601 References 601 19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603 John Heraty 19.1 What Is a Parasitoid? 604 19.2 Biodiversity and Success of Insect Parasitoids 605 19.3 Systematics, Parasitoids, and Pest Management 612 19.4 Summary 617 Acknowledgments 618 References 618 20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627 Gary L. Miller and Robert G. Foottit 20.1 Historical Background 627 20.2 Economic Importance and Early Taxonomy 628 20.3 Early Aphid Studies - A North American Example 628 20.4 Recognizing Aphid Species 631 20.5 The Focus Becomes Finer 632 20.6 Adventive Aphid Species 633 20.7 Conclusions 634 References 634 21 Adventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species that Become Invasive Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr and E. Richard Hoebeke 21.1 Terminology 642 21.2 Distributional Status: Native or Adventive? 643 21.3 Global Transport: Pathways and Vectors 645 21.4 Early History of Adventive Insects in North America 648 21.5 Numbers, Taxonomic Composition, and Geographic Origins of Adventive Insects 649 21.6 Impact of Adventive Insects 653 21.7 Economic Considerations: Agriculture, Forestry, and Horticulture 658 21.8 Implications for Animal and Human Health 661 21.9 Ecological Impacts 663 21.10 Biological Control 667 21.11 Biological Invasions and Global Climate Change 670 21.12 Systematics, Biodiversity, and Adventive Species 671 21.13 Concluding Thoughts 671 Acknowledgments 674 References 675 22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713 Peter H. Adler 22.1 Numbers and Estimates 714 22.2 Overview of Blood-sucking Flies and Diseases 717 22.3 Rationale for Biodiversity Studies of Blood-sucking Flies 725 22.4 Biodiversity Exploration 727 22.5 Societal Consequences of Disregarding Biodiversity 729 22.6 Present and Future Concerns 730 22.7 Conclusions 733 Acknowledgments 734 References 734 23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747 Michael J. Samways 23.1 Valuing Nature 749 23.2 Insects and Ecosystems 755 23.3 Two Challenges 758 23.4 Synthesizing Deeper Values and Practical Issues 759 23.5 Summary 760 Acknowledgments 760 References 760 24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767 Ke Chung Kim 24.1 Insect Biodiversity 768 24.2 Biodiversity Loss and Humanity 769 24.3 Biodiversity and Taxonomy 770 24.4 Biodiversity Inventory and Ecology 772 24.5 Backyard Biodiversity and Sustainability 774 24.6 Taxonomic Bottlenecks in Managing Insect Biodiversity 775 24.7 Advancing the Science of Insect Biodiversity 776 References 777 25 Insect Biodiversity - Millions and Millions 783 May Berenbaum Acknowledgments 789 References 791 Index 793