Integrated Pollution Control

1 Fundamentals.- 1.1 Description of Modem Environmental Problems.- 1.2 Views of Technology and Environmental Protection.- 1.3 Ecological Fundamentals.- 1.3.1 Structure of Ecosystems.- 1.3.2 Stability of Ecological and Technical Systems.- 1.4 Technological Fundamentals.- 1.4.1 Risk Assessment.- 1.4.2 Environmental Information Technology (IT).- 1.4.3 Environmental Monitoring and Process Control Technology.- 1.4.4 Material and Energy Flow Analysis.- 1.4.5 Pollution Control Process Technology.- 1.4.6 Ecological Engineering for Improving the Quality of Surface Water.- 1.4.7 Ecological Chemistry and Geochemical Engineering.- 1.4.8 Geological Engineering.- 1.4.9 Protective Measures in Hydraulic Engineering.- 1.4.10 Energy Conservation and Structural Engineering.- 1.5 Pollution Control Technology as an Interdisciplinary Approach.- 2 Pollution Control Technology in the Private Sector.- 2.1 Economic Aspects of Pollution Control.- 2.2 Ecological Corporate Strategy.- 2.2.1 The Ecological Reorientation of Business Administration.- 2.2.2 Managerial Strategies for Pollution Control.- 2.3 Technology in Corporate Pollution Control.- 2.3.1 Eco-Controlling: Information Systems and Eco-Balances.- 2.3.2 Material Management and Logistics.- 2.3.3 Environmentally Friendly Designing.- 2.3.4 Production and Manufacturing Technology.- 2.3.5 Process-Integrated Pollution Control.- 2.3.6 Goal Hierarchy in Corporate Pollution Control Technology.- 2.3.7 Policy Perspectives.- 3 Contaminants.- 3.1 Chemistry and the Environment - A Controversy.- 3.1.1 Products of the Chemical Industry.- 3.1.2 Dimensions of the Spread of Environmental Chemicals.- 3.2 Contaminant Impacts.- 3.2.1 Definitions.- 3.2.2 Dose/Response Relationship.- 3.2.3 Environmental Standards.- 3.3 Heavy Metals.- 3.3.1 Impacts from Heavy Metals.- 3.3.2 Sources and Distribution in the Environment.- 3.3.3 Concentrations and Threshold Values in Surface Waters.- 3.4 Organic Contaminants.- 3.4.1 Structure and Characteristics of Organic Contaminants.- 3.4.2 Distribution in the Environment.- 3.4.3 Persistence and Degradation.- 3.4.4 Aquatic Toxicity and Limits.- 3.5 Radioactivity.- 3.5.1 Application of Ionization Radiation.- 3.5.2 Units of Measure in Radiation Protection.- 3.5.3 Sources of Naturally Occurring Radation Exposure.- 3.5.4 Radiation from Human Activities.- 3.5.5 Evaluation of the Total Exposure.- 4 Energy and Climate.- 4.1 Emission of Carbon Dioxide and Methane.- 4.1.1 Carbon Dioxide.- 4.1.2 Methane.- 4.2 Energy Conservation Potential and Climate-Relevant Emissions.- 4.2.1 Power Plants.- 4.2.2 Industry.- 4.2.3 Transportation.- 4.2.4 A Balance of the Energy Conservation Potentials.- 4.3 Renewable Energy.- 4.3.1 Processes for Generating Renewable Energy.- 4.3.2 Limits of the Generation of Renewable Energy.- 4.4 Future Technologies in the Energy Sector.- 4.4.1 Future Energy Networks.- 4.4.2 Hydrogen Technology.- 4.4.3 Fuel Cell Technology.- 5 Air Pollution Control.- 5.1 Origin of and Effects of Air Pollution.- 5.1.1 Origin of Contaminant Emissions.- 5.1.2 Contaminant Transport in the Atmosphere.- 5.1.3 Effects of Airborne Pollutants.- 5.1.4 Methods of Measuring Air Pollution.- 5.2 Industrial Air Pollution Control Methods.- 5.2.1 Air Pollution Emissions from Industrial Processes.- 5.2.2 Methods of Particulate Control.- 5.2.3 Minimization of Gaseous Emissions.- 5.3 Emission Reduction in Power Plants.- 5.3.1 Desulfurization.- 5.3.2 Nitrogen Oxide Reduction.- 5.3.3 Mass Flows and Flue Gas Composition.- 5.4 Reduction of Automobile Emissions.- 6 Water Pollution: Wastewater.- 6.1 Classification of Water Pollution.- 6.2 Wastewater and its Components.- 6.2.1 Collection and Discharge of Wastewater.- 6.2.2 The Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant.- 6.2.3 Calculation of BODs Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Loads.- 6.2.4 Industrial Wastewater.- 6.3 Biological Wastewater Treatment.- 6.3.1 Conversion by Microorganisms.- 6.3.2 Trickling Filter Processes.- 6.3.3 Activated Sludge Processes.- 6.3.4 Removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen.- 6.4 Chemical-Physical Wastewater Treatment.- 6.4.1 Precipitation of Heavy Metals.- 6.4.2 Flocculation.- 6.4 3 Liquid/Solid Separation.- 6.4.4 Treatment of Organic Compounds.- 6.5 Sludge Treatment.- 6.5.1 Anaerobic Wastewater and Sludge Treatment.- 6.5.2 Methods of Sludge Treatment.- 6.5.3 Sludge Dewatering and Sewage Sludge Incineration.- 7 Potable Water.- 7.1 Potable Water Supply.- 7.1.1 Water Consumption and Water Conservation Measures.- 7.1.2 Methods for Obtaining Potable Water.- 7.1.3 Materials Used in Distribution Systems.- 7.2 Raw and Potable Water Quality.- 7.2.1 Reactions in the Subsurface.- 7.2.2 Landfill Leachate and Other Seepage.- 7.2.3 Agricultural Runoff.- 7.2.4 Acid Rain Impact on Groundwater Quality.- 7.3 Potable Water Treatment Methods.- 7.3.1 Artificial Groundwater Recharge and Collector Wells.- 7.3.2 Treatment in Water Utilities.- 7.3.3 Comprehensive Potable Water Treatment.- 7.4 Future Safety and Availability of Water Supplies.- 8 Soil.- 8.1 Type and Extent of Substance Uptake in Soils.- 8.1.1 High Priority Contaminants.- 8.1.2 Soil Impacts : Heavy Metals.- 8.2 Behavior and Effects of Soil Contamination.- 8.2.1 Mobilization of Contaminants in Soils.- 8.2.2 Bio-Availability of Contaminants.- 8.2.3 Perspectives on Agricultural Soil.- 8.3 Problems Caused by Abandoned Contamination Sites.- 8.3.1 Remediation Goals.- 8.3.2 Evaluation of Abandoned Landfills and Other Contaminated Sites.- 8.3.3 Assessment of Abandoned Contamination Sites.- 8.4 Securing Abandoned Contamination Sites.- 8.4.1 Excavation and Removal.- 8.4.2 Barrier Systems.- 8.4.3 Solidification, Stabilization, and Inertization.- 8.5 Remediation of Abandoned Contamination Sites.- 8.5.1 Soil Vapor Extraction.- 8.5.2 Soil Washing and Flushing Methods.- 8.5.3 Biological Treatment.- 8.5.4 Thermal Treatment of Contaminated Soils.- 8.5.5 Innovative Treatment Technologies.- 8.6 Outlook.- 9 Waste.- 9.1 Fundamentals of Waste Management.- 9.1.1 Global and Regional Waste Streams.- 9.1.2 Waste Composition.- 9.1.3 Strategies of Preventive Waste Management.- 9.2 Waste Treatment.- 9.2.1 Treatment of Bulk Waste - Example: Excavated Material.- 9.2.2 Chemical-Physical Treatment of Industrial Waste.- 9.2.3 Treatment of Halogenated Organic Waste.- 9.3 Waste Incineration.- 9.3.1 Waste Incinerators.- 9.3.2 Flue Gas Scrubbing.- 9.3.3 Treatment of Residues.- 9.4 Landfilling.- 9.4.1 Elements and Development of Landfill Technology.- 9.4.2 Disposal of Untreated Municipal Waste.- 9.4.3 Landfill Gas and Leachate.- 9.4.4 Permanent Disposal.- 9.5 Summary and a Look Ahead.- 10 Recycling.- 10.1 Theory and Practice of Recycling.- 10.1.1 Theoretical Approaches.- 10.1.2 Industrial Waste Recovery.- 10.1.3 Scrap Automobile Recycling.- 10.2 Recycling of Organic Waste Fractions.- 10.2.1 Biogas from Anaerobic Fermentation.- 10.2.2 Composting.- 10.3 Recycling Mineral Detrital Matter.- 10.3.1 Material Recovery in the Building Industry.- 10.3.2 Recovery of Power Plant By-products.- 10.3.3 Recycling of Metals.- 10.4 Recycling of Plastics.- 10.4.1 Separation and Processing of Waste Plastics.- 10.4.2 Energy Balances.- 10.4.3 Plastics Recycling Techniques.- 10.4.4 Phased Recycling Concepts.- 10.5 Limits and Prespectives of Recycling.- 10.5.1 Material Flow Management.- 10.5.2 Reduction of Material Flows.- 10.5.3 Avoidance as the Primary Task of Pollution Control Technology.- 10.5.4 Additive and Integrated Environmental Technology (Pollution Control Technology).- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- Appendix D.- References and Further Reading.