Netter's Gastroenterology

I. Esophagus Neil R. Floch Chapter 1: Topographic Relations of the Esophagus 2 Chapter 2: Musculature of the Esophagus 6 Chapter 3: Arterial Blood Supply of the Esophagus 10 Chapter 4: Venous Drainage of the Esophagus 12 Chapter 5: Innervation of the Esophagus: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic 15 Chapter 6: Intrinsic Innervation of the Alimentary Tract 18 Chapter 7: Histology of the Esophagus 21 Chapter 8: Gastroesophageal Junction and Diaphragm 23 Chapter 9: Deglutition 27 Chapter 10: Neuroregulation of Deglutition 33 Chapter 11: Congenital Anomalies of the Esophagus 37 Chapter 12: Shatzki Ring 40 Chapter 13: Plummer-Vinson Syndrome 42 Chapter 14: Esophageal Spasm Syndromes 44 Chapter 15: Achalasia 48 Chapter 16: Esophageal Diverticula 52 Chapter 17: Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus 57 Chapter 18: Caustic Injury of the Esophagus 60 Chapter 19: Esophageal Rupture and Perforation 63 Chapter 20: Esophageal Varicosities 66 Chapter 21: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 70 Chapter 22: Esophagitis: Acute and Chronic 76 Chapter 23: Esophageal Ulcers 79 Chapter 24: Esophageal Stricture 82 Chapter 25: Sliding and Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernias, Types 1, 2, and 3 84 Chapter 26: Barrett Esophagus 91 Chapter 27: Benign Neoplasms of the Esophagus 95 Chapter 28: Malignant Neoplasms: Upper and Middle Portions of the Esophagus 98 Chapter 29: Malignant Neoplasms: Lower End of the Esophagus 100 II. Stomach and Duodenum Martin H. Floch Chapter 30: Anatomy of the Stomach: Normal Variations and Relations 106 Chapter 31: Anatomy and Relations of the Duodenum 109 Chapter 32: Mucosa of the Stomach 112 Chapter 33: Duodenal Mucosa and Duodenal Structures 115 Chapter 34: Blood Supply and Collateral Circulation of Upper Abdominal Organs 118 Chapter 35: Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach 121 Chapter 36: Innervation of the Stomach and the Duodenum 124 Chapter 37: Gastric Secretion 127 Chapter 38: Factors Influencing Gastric Activity 130 Chapter 39: Role of the Stomach in Digestion 133 Chapter 40: Tests for Gastric Acid Secretion 136 Chapter 41: Effect of Drugs on Gastric Function 139 Chapter 42: Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 142 Chapter 43: Coated Tongue, Halitosis, and Thrush 145 Chapter 44: Aerophagia and Eructation 148 Chapter 45: Motility of the Stomach 151 Chapter 46: Gastroparesis and Gastric Motility Disorders 154 Chapter 47: Pyloric Obstruction and the Effects of Vomiting 158 Chapter 48: Nausea and Vomiting 161 Chapter 49: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 166 Chapter 50: Diverticula of the Stomach 168 Chapter 51: Diverticula of the Duodenum 170 Chapter 52: Dyspepsia (Functional Dyspepsia and Nonulcer Dyspepsia) 174 Chapter 53: Helicobacter pylori Infection 177 Chapter 54: Gastritis 181 Chapter 55: Peptic Ulcer Disease: Definition and Pathophysiology 184 Chapter 56: Peptic Ulcer Disease: Acute Gastric Ulcers (Erosive Gastritis) 188 Chapter 57: Peptic Ulcer Disease: Duodenitis and Ulcer of the Duodenal Bulb 190 Chapter 58: Peptic Ulcer Disease: Complications 193 Chapter 59: Gastrointestinal Bleeding 197 Chapter 60: Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 200 Chapter 61: Benign Tumors of the Stomach 203 Chapter 62: Gastric Lymphoma and MALT 206 Chapter 63: Cancers of the Stomach 209 Chapter 64: Tumors of the Duodenum 213 Chapter 65: Principles of Gastric Surgery 215 Chapter 66: Postgastrectomy Complications: Partial Gastrectomy 218 Chapter 67: Effects of Total Gastrectomy 222 III. Abdominal Wall Raul Rosenthal, David Podkameni, Flavia Soto, Guillermo Higa, Dario Berkowski, Colleen Kennedy, T. Cristina Sardinha, Emanuele Lo Menzo, Elias Chousleb, Samir Yebara Chapter 68: Anterolateral Abdominal Wall 226 Chapter 69: Peritoneum 229 Chapter 70: Pelvic Fascia and Perineopelvic Spaces 233 Chapter 71: Inguinal Canal 237 Chapter 72: Abdominal Regions and Planes 241 Chapter 73: Abdominal Wall and Cavity: Congenital Abnormalities 243 Chapter 74: Acute Abdomen 245 Chapter 75: Alimentary Tract Obstruction 248 Chapter 76: Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion 252 Chapter 77: Other Vascular Lesions 255 Chapter 78: Acute Peritonitis 259 Chapter 79: Chronic Peritonitis 261 Chapter 80: Cancer of the Peritoneum 263 Chapter 81: Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis (Familial Mediterranean Fever) 266 Chapter 82: Abdominal Wounds of the Small Intestine 269 Chapter 83: Abdominal Wounds of the Colon 272 Chapter 84: Indirect and Direct Inguinal Hernias 276 Chapter 85: Femoral Hernias 282 Chapter 86: Abdominal Wall: Ventral Hernias 285 Chapter 87: Lumbar, Obturator, Sciatic, and Perineal Hernias 288 Chapter 88: Internal Hernias: Congenital Intraperitoneal Hernias 291 IV. Small Intestine Martin H. Floch Chapter 89: Topography of the Small Intestine 294 Chapter 90: Gross Structure of the Small Intestine 296 Chapter 91: Microscopic Structure of the Small Intestine 299 Chapter 92: Terminal Ileum 301 Chapter 93: Imaging of the Small Intestine 303 Chapter 94: Vascular Supply and Drainage in the Small Intestine 306 Chapter 95: Innervation of the Small and Large Intestines 310 Chapter 96: Visceral Reflexes 315 Chapter 97: Congenital Abnormalities of the Small Intestine 318 Chapter 98: Meckel Diverticulum 320 Chapter 99: Motility and Dysmotility of the Small Intestine 322 Chapter 100: Obstruction and Ileus of the Small Intestine 325 Chapter 101: Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction 328 Chapter 102: Ileostomy, Colostomy, and Gastroenteric Stromas 332 Chapter 103: Intussusception of the Small Intestine 335 Chapter 104: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders 337 Chapter 105: Secretory, Digestive and Absorptive Functions of the Small Intestine 341 Chapter 106: Gastrointestinal Hormones 345 Chapter 107: Evaluation of the Small Bowel 348 Chapter 108: Disaccharide Intolerance 351 Chapter 109: Celiac Disease and Malabsorption 355 Chapter 110: Whipple Disease 360 Chapter 111: Diverticula 363 Chapter 112: Diarrhea 366 Chapter 113: Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome 370 Chapter 114: Short Bowel Syndrome 373 Chapter 115: Food Allergy 377 Chapter 116: Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis 381 Chapter 117: Benign Tumors of the Small Intestine 384 Chapter 118: Malignant Tumors of the Small Intestine 388 Chapter 119: Carcinoid Syndrome and Neuroendocrine Tumors 391 V. Colon, Rectum, and Anus Martin H. Floch Chapter 120: Structure and Histology of the Colon 396 Chapter 121: Sigmoid Colon 399 Chapter 122: Rectum and Anal Canal 401 Chapter 123: Vascular, Lymphatic, and Nerve Supply of the Large Intestine 407 Chapter 124: Secretory, Digestive, and Absorptive Functions of the Colon and Colonic Flora 411 Chapter 125: Probiotics 414 Chapter 126: Anoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, and Colonoscopy 417 Chapter 127: Laparoscopy 420 Chapter 128: Stool Examination 423 Chapter 129: Intestinal Bleeding 426 Chapter 130: Motility and Dysmotility of the Large Intestine 429 Chapter 131: Defecation 433 Chapter 132: Pathophysiology of Defecation and Incontinence 436 Chapter 133: Constipation 439 Chapter 134: Effects of Drugs on the Colon 442 Chapter 135: Megacolon 445 Chapter 136: Sigmoid Volvulus 448 Chapter 137: Volvulus of the Cecum 450 Chapter 138: Diseases of the Appendix: Inflammation, Mucocele, and Tumors 452 Chapter 139: Diverticulosis: Diverticular Disease of the Colon 455 Chapter 140: Diverticulosis: Diverticulitis and Its Complications and Diverticular Bleeding 458 Chapter 141: Ulcerative Colitis: Definition and General Description 462 Chapter 142: Ulcerative Colitis: Extraintestinal Manifestations and Complications 465 Chapter 143: Ulcerative Colitis: Histologic Diagnosis and Dysplasia 468 Chapter 144: Ulcerative Colitis: Surgical Treatment 471 Chapter 145: Ileostomy and Colostomy 474 Chapter 146: Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis and Pouchitis 477 Chapter 147: Differentiating Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease 480 Chapter 148: Crohn Disease 484 Chapter 149: Crohn Disease: Complications and Surgical Therapy 487 Chapter 150: Perianal Disease in Crohn Disease 490 Chapter 151: Drug Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease 492 Chapter 152: Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic or Collagenous Colitis) 496 Chapter 153: Neoplasms of the Large Bowel: Colon Polyps 499 Chapter 154: Neoplasms of the Large Bowel: Screening and Treatment of Colon Polyps 502 Chapter 155: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Polyposis Syndromes 505 Chapter 156: Colon Cancer: Clinical Picture and Diagnosis 508 Chapter 157: Colon Cancer: Staging, Treatment, and Outcome 511 Chapter 158: Rectal Cancer 514 Chapter 159: Hemorrhoids 516 Chapter 160: Rectal Prolapse and Procidentia 519 Chapter 161: Anal Fissure, Pruritis Ani, Papillitis, and Cryptitis 522 Chapter 162: Anorectal Abscess and Fistula 525 Chapter 163: Lymphogranuloma Venereum and Sexually Transmitted Proctitis 528 Chapter 164: Fecal Incontinence 531 VI. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract Martin H. Floch Chapter 165: Esophageal Infections 536 Chapter 166: Typhoid Fever (Paratyphoid Fever, Enteric Fever) 539 Chapter 167: Food Poisoning and Enteric Pathogens 543 Chapter 168: Clostridium difficile and Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis 548 Chapter 169: Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis 550 Chapter 170: Abdominal Actinomycosis 553 Chapter 171: Amebiasis 556 Chapter 172: Giardia lamblia and Other Protozoan Infections 559 Chapter 173: Trichuriasis 563 Chapter 174: Enterobiasis 565 Chapter 175: Ascariasis 567 Chapter 176: Strongyloidiasis 569 Chapter 177: Hookworm Disease (Necatoriasis and Ancylostomiasis) 572 Chapter 178: Tapeworm (Cestode) Infection: Taenia saginata 575 Chapter 179: Tapeworm Infection: Taenia solium 578 Chapter 180: Tapeworm Infection: Hymenolepis nana 580 Chapter 181: Tapeworm Infection: Diphyllobothrium latum 582 Chapter 182: Other Helminth Infections: Trichinella spiralis and Flukes 584 Chapter 183: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Gastrointestinal Tract 587 VII. Pancreas C. S. Pitchumoni Chapter 184: Development and Anatomy of the Pancreas 592 Chapter 185: Pancreatic Ducts 595 Chapter 186: Pancreatic Physiology 597 Chapter 187: Cystic Fibrosis 600 Chapter 188: Acute Pancreatitis: Etiology and Clinical Picture 603 Chapter 189: Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis 606 Chapter 190: Acute Pancreatitis: Complications 610 Chapter 191: Chronic Pancreatitis: Disease Forms and Clinical Picture 613 Chapter 192: Chronic Pancreatitis: Diagnosis, Complications, and Treatment 616 Chapter 193: Pancreatic Cancer: Clinical Picture 620 Chapter 194: Pancreatic Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment 623 Chapter 195: Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas 625 Chapter 196: Islet Cell Tumors 628 VIII. Gallbladder and Bile Ducts C. S. Pitchumoni Chapter 197: Anatomy and Function of the Gallbladder 634 Chapter 198: Cholelithiasis (Gallstones): Stone Formation 636 Chapter 199: Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis 640 Chapter 200: Cholecystitis: Acute 643 Chapter 201: Cholecystitis: Complications 646 Chapter 202: Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis 648 Chapter 203: Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction 653 Chapter 204: Ampullary and Gallbladder Carcinoma 656 Chapter 205: Cholangiocarcinoma 659 IX. The Liver Kris Kowdley Chapter 206: Topography of the Liver 662 Chapter 207: Surfaces and Bed of the Liver 664 Chapter 208: Lesser Omentum and Variations in Form of the Liver 666 Chapter 209: Cell Types Within the Liver 668 Chapter 210: Vessel and Duct Distributions and Liver Segments 673 Chapter 211: Arterial Blood Supply of the Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas 675 Chapter 212: Hepatic Artery Variations 679 Chapter 213: Portal Vein Tributaries and Portacaval Anastomoses 681 Chapter 214: Portal Vein Variations and Anomalies 683 Chapter 215: Liver Function Tests 685 Chapter 216: Prothrombin Formation 687 Chapter 217: Bilirubin and Bile Acid Metabolism 689 Chapter 218: Clinical Manifestations of Cirrhosis 693 Chapter 219: Physical Diagnosis of Liver Disease 695 Chapter 220: Causes of Portal Hypertension 697 Chapter 221: Ascites 699 Chapter 222: Hepatic Encephalopathy 702 Chapter 223: Hepatorenal Syndrome 705 Chapter 224: Variceal Bleeding 707 Chapter 225: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt 712 Chapter 226: Liver Biopsy 714 Chapter 227: Hepatic Necrosis 717 Chapter 228: Cirrhosis 719 Chapter 229: Imaging Studies of the Liver 723 Chapter 230: Alcoholic Liver Disease 727 Chapter 231: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nutritional Liver Diseases 732 Chapter 232: Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction 735 Chapter 233: Primary Biliary Cirrhosis 739 Chapter 234: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis 747 Chapter 235: Autoimmune Hepatitis 751 Chapter 236: Acute Viral Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, E, D) 753 Chapter 237: Hepatitis B 758 Chapter 238: Hepatitis C 761 Chapter 239: Hepatitis Caused by Other Viruses 764 Chapter 240: Hepatotoxicity 767 Chapter 241: Disorders of Bilirubin Transport 771 Chapter 242: a1-Antitrypsin Deficiency 774 Chapter 243: Hereditary Hemochromatosis 775 Chapter 244: Liver Disease in Pregnancy 779 Chapter 245: Benign Liver Tumors 783 Chapter 246: Granulomatous Liver Diseases 786 Chapter 247: Amebiasis 790 Chapter 248: Wilson Disease 792 Chapter 249: Hepatocellular Carcinoma 795 Chapter 250: Liver Transplantation 799 Chapter 251: Spirochetal Infections 802 Chapter 252: Actinomycosis 804 Chapter 253: Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease) 806 Chapter 254: Schistosomiasis 808 Chapter 255: The Liver in Heart Failure 810 Chapter 256: Portal Vein Obstruction 812 Chapter 257: Budd-Chiari Syndrome 814 Chapter 258: Bile Duct Cancer 816 Chapter 259: Metastatic Cancer 819 Chapter 260: Trauma 821 X. Nutrition of Gastrointestinal Disease James S. Scolapio Chapter 261: Dietary and Nutritional Assessment 824 Chapter 262: Macronutrients and Energy 829 Chapter 263: Micronutrient and Vitamin Deficiency 830 Chapter 264: Enteral Nutrition 837 Chapter 265: Dietary Fiber 839 Chapter 266: Parenteral Nutrition 844 Chapter 267: Malnutrition 846 Chapter 268: Obesity 848 Chapter 269: Gastrointestinal Diseases Related to Nutrition 850 Index 853