Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology

Introduction.- Analog Television.- Scanning an Original Black/White Picture.- Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses.- Adding the Color Information.- Transmission Methods.- Distortion and Interference.- Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval.- Measurements on Analog Video Signals.- Analog and Digital TV in a Broadband Cable Network.- The MPEG Data Stream.- MPEG-Standards and Applications.- The MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES).- The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet.- Information for the Receiver.- Synchronizing to the Transport Stream.- Reading out the Current Program Structure.- Accessing a Program.- Accessing Scrambled Programs.- Program Synchronization (PCR, DTS, PTS).- Additional Information in the Transport Stream (SI).- Non-Private and Private Sections and Tables.- The Service Information according to DVB (SI).- 3.6 The PSIP according to the ATSC.- ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T.- DTMB (China) Tables.- Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- The Transport Priority.- The Transport Scrambling Control Bits.- The Adaptation Field Control Bits.-The Continuity Counter.- Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601).- Video Signal Formats for HDTV and UHDTV.- Image Formats.- Uncompressed HDTV Baseband Signal.- Physical Video Interface Signals Up To UHDTV.- Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain.- The Fourier Transform.- The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).- The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).- Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT and FFT.- The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT).- Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in the Frequency Domain.- Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Prevent them.- Window Functions.- Video Coding (MPEG-2, MPEG-4/AVC, HEVC).- Video Compression.- Reducing the Quantization from 10 Bits to 8.- Omitting the Horizontal and Vertical Blanking Intervals.- Reduction in Vertical Color Resolution (4:2:0).- Further Data Reduction Steps.- Differential Pulse Code Modulation of Moving Pictures.- Discrete Cosine Transform Followed by Quantization.- Zig-Zag Scanning with Run-Length Coding of Zero Sequ.- Huffman Coding.- Summary.- Structure of the Video Elementary Stream.- More Recent Video Compression Methods.- MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding.- HEVC ? High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV.- Image Formats.- Video Coding Methods.- The Place of H.265 in the MPEG World.- Video Coding Steps in H.265.- HEVC in Detail.- Summary, Outlook, and the Path to UHDTV.- Audio Coding.- Digital Audio Source Signal.- History of Audio Coding.- Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear.- Basic Principles of Audio Coding.- Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II.- Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital.- Multichannel Sound.- New Developments - MPEG-4.- Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB.- Teletext and Subtitles.- Video Program System.- WSS - Wide Screen Signalling.- Practical examples.- Further Program Associated Data.- Physical AV Interface Signals.- Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals.- "CCIR 601" Parallel and Serial Interface.- Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Interface (TS

PARALLEL).- Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Interface (TS-ASI).- SMPTE310 Interface.- ISDB-T BCMUX.- DVI Interface.- HD-SDI interface.- DVB-IP interface.- SDI over IP, AVB.- HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface.- HDMI - Development Path and Versions.- Mechanical Implementation.- HDMI Interface Functions.- HDMI Interface Signal Formats.- HDMI Measurement Technology.- HDMI - Summary and Outlook.- Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss).- Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error).- Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT).- Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error).- The PID_Error.- The Continuity_Count_Error.- The Transport_Error (Priority 2).- The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error.- The Program Clock Reference Error (PCR_Error).- The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error).- The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error).- Service Information Repetition Rate Error (SI_Repetition).- Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOT Tables.- Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID).- Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information.- Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error, EIT_other_error.- Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals.- Methods for Measuring Video Quality.- Subjective Picture Quality Analysis.- Double Stimulus Continual Quality Scale Method DSCQS.- Single Stimulus Continual Quality Evaluation Method

SSCQE.- Objective Picture Quality Analysis.- Summary and Outlook.- Basic Principles of Digital Modulation.- Introduction.- Mixer.- Amplitude Modulator.- IQ Modulator.- The IQ Demodulator.- Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation.- Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform.- Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction.- A Comparison to Analog Modulation Methods.- Amplitude Modulation.- Variants of Amplitude Modulation.- Frequency Modulation.- Phase Modulation.- Band Limiting of Modulated Carrier Signals.- Summary.- Transmitting Digital Television Signals by Satellite - DVB-S/S2.- The DVB-S System Parameters.- The DVB-S Modulator.- Convolutional Coding.- Signal Processing in the Satellite.- The DVB-S Receiver.- Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link.- DVB-S2.- DVB-S2X - Extensions in the DVB-S2 Standard.- DVB-S/S2 Measuring Technology- Introduction.- Measuring Bit Error Ratios.- Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a Spectrum Analyzer.- Approximate Determination of the Noise Power N.- C/N, S/N and Eb/N0.- Finding the EB/N0 Ratio in DVB-S(1).- Modulation Error Ratio (MER).- Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation.- DVB-S/S2 Receiver Test.- Measurements on a Satellite Antenna System.- Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C.- The DVB-C Standard.- The DVB-C Modulator.- The DVB-C Receiver.- Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link.- Broadband Cable Transmission According to ITU-T J83B (US).- J83B Transmission Parameters The transmission parameters provided in J83B are:.- J83B Baseband Input Signals.- Forward Error Correction.- Calculation of the Net Data Rate.- Roll-off Filtering.- Fall-off-the-Cliff.- Measuring Digital TV Signals in the Broadband Cable.- DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with Constellation Analysis.- Detecting Interference Effects Using Constellation Analysis.- Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).- Phase Jitter.- Sinusoidal Interferer.- Effects of the I/Q Modulator.- Modulation Error Ratio (MER).- Error Vector Magnitude (EVM).- Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER).- Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-C Signals.- Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation.- Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel.- DVB-C/J83A/B/C Receiver Test.- Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM).- Why Multi-Carrier?.- What is COFDM?.- Generating the COFDM Symbols.- Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum.- Hierarchical Modulation.- Summary.- Terrestrial Transmission of Digital Television Signals (DVB-T).- The DVB-T Standard.- The DVB-T Carriers.- Hierarchical Modulation.- DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel.- The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter.- The DVB-T Receiver.- Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and its Effects.- DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN).- Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T.- Measuring DVB-T Signals.- Measuring the Bit Error Ratio.- Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer.- Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals.- Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).- Phase Jitter.- Interference Sources.- Echoes, Multipath Reception.- Doppler Effect.- I/Q Errors of the Modulator.- Cause and Effect of I/Q Errors in DVB-T.- Measuring the Crest Factor.- Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group Delay Response.- Measuring the Impulse Response.- Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation.- DVB-H/DVB-SH - Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds.- Introduction.- Convergence between Mobile Radio and Broadcasting.- Essential Parameters of DVB-H.- DSM-CC Sections.- Multiprotocol Encapsulation.- DVB-H Standard.- Summary.- DVB-SH.- Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSC Standard.- The 8VSB Modulator.- 8VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate.- The ATSC Receiver.- Causes of Interference on the ATSC Transmission Path.- ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV.- Compatibility with the Existing Frame Structure.- MPEG-4 Video and Audio Streaming.- ATSC M/H Multiplexer.- ATSC M/H Modulator.- Forming Single-Frequency Networks.- Summary.- Closed Captioning.- Current Status of ATSC.- ATSC/8VSB Measurements.- Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement.- 8VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer.- Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals.- Measuring Amplitude Response and Group Delay Response.- Further Measurements.- Digital Terrestrial Television according to ISDB-T.- Introduction.- ISDB-T Concept.- Forming Layers.- Baseband Encoding.- Changes in the Transport Stream Structure.- Block Diagram.- Channel Tables.- Performance of ISDB-T.- Other ISDB Standards.- ISDB-T measurements.- Summary.- Digital Audio Broadcasting - DAB/DAB+.- Comparing DAB and DVB.- An Overview of DAB.- The Physical Layer of DAB.- DAB - Forward Error Correction.- DAB Modulator and Transmitter.- DAB Data Structure.- DAB Single-Frequency Networks.- DAB Data Broadcasting.- DAB+.- DAB/DAB+ Multiplex Signal Formats.- DAB Measuring Technology.- Testing DAB Receivers.- Measuring the DAB Signal.- DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU.- Data Broadcasting in DVB.- Object Carousels.- The Multimedia Home Platform MHP.- System Software Update SSU.- T-DMB.- IPTV - Television over the Internet.- DVB-IP.- IP Interface Replaces TS-ASI.- OTT - Over the TOP TV.- DRM - Digital Radio Mondiale.- Audio source encoding.- Forward Error Correction.- Modulation Method.- Frame structure.- Interference on the transmission link.- DRM data rates.- DRM transmitting stations and DRM receivers.- DRM+.- Single-Frequency Networks in DVB-T in Practice.- SFN Measurement Parameters.- Guard Interval Violation.- Pre-echoes.- The 0-dB Echo.- Quasi Mobile Receiving Situation.- Transmission of Non-Identical TPS Bits.- Frequency Accuracy of the Transmitters.- Practical Examples.- Pre-echoes.- The 0-dB Echoes.- TPS Bits.- Mobile DVB-T Reception.- Response of DVB-T Receivers.- Receiver Test.- Minimum Receiver Input Level in the AWGN Channel.- Minimum SNR.- Adjacent-Channel Occupancy.- Co-channel Reception.- Multi-path Reception.- Channel Search.- Booting Speed and Action.- Program Change.- Teletext.- VPS Functions.- Dynamic PSI/SI Tables.- Firmware Configuration.- Miscellaneous.- Network Planning.- Filling the Gaps in the Coverage.- Fall-off-the-Cliff.- Summary.- DTMB.- DMB-T, or now DTMB.- Some more Details.- DOCSIS - Data over Cable Service Interface Specification.- Downstream.- Upstream.- CMTS and Cable Modem.- The Development of DOCSIS.- Data Streams - Continuous and Time Slot-Based (TDMA).- Modulation - Single- and Multi-Carrier Schemes on the Cable.- DOCSIS 3.1.- Outlook.- Display Technologies.- Previous Converter Systems - the Nipkow Disk.- The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).- The Plasma Screen.- The Liquid Crystal Display Screen.- Digital Light Processing Systems.- Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.- Effects on Image Reproduction.- Compensation Methods.- Test Methods.- Current State of the Technology.- The New Generation of DVB Standards.- Overview of the DVB Standards.- Characteristics of the Old and the New Standards.- Capabilities and Aims of the New DVB Standards.- Baseband Signals for DVB-x2.- Input Signal Formats.- MPEG-2 Transport Streams - TS.- Generic Fixed Packetized Streams - GFPS.- Generic Continuous Streams - GCS.- Generic Encapsulated Streams - GSE.- Signal Processing and Conditioning in the Modulator Input Section.- Single Input Stream.- Multiple Input Streams.- Standard-related Special Features.- DVB-S2.- DVB-T2.- DVB-C2.- DVB-S2X.- DVB-T2.- Introduction.- Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity.- DVB-T2 - Overview.- Baseband Interface.- Forward Error Correction.- COFDM Parameters.- Normal Carrier Mode.- Extended Carrier Mode.- Modulation Patterns.- Normal Constellation Diagrams.- Definition of 'Cell'.- Rotated Q-delayed Constellation Diagrams.- Frame Structure.- P1 Symbol.- P2 Symbols.- Symbol, Frame, Superframe.- Block Diagram.- Interleavers.- Types of Interleaver.- DVB-T2 Time Interleaver Configuration.- Pilots.- Sub-Slicing.- Time-Frequency-Slicing (TFS).- PAPR Reduction.- SISO/MISO Multi-Antenna Systems.- MISO according to Alamouti.- Modified Alamouti in DVB-T2.- Future Extension Frames.- Auxiliary Data Streams.- DVB-T2-MI.- SFNs in DVB-T2.- Transmitter Identification Information in DVB-T2.- Performance.- T2-Lite.- Outlook.- DVB-C2.- Introduction.- Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity.- DVB-C2 - An Overview.- Baseband Interface.- Forward Error Correction.- COFDM Parameters.- Modulation Pattern.- Definition of a Cell.- Interleavers.- Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM).- Frame Structure.- Channel Bundling and Slice Building.- Preamble Symbols.- Pilots in DVB-C2.- PAPR.- Block Diagram.- Levels in Broadband Cables.- Capacity.- Outlook.- DVB-T2 Measurement Technology.- Measuring the RF Level.- Measuring Bit Error Ratios (BER).- Measuring the Modulation Error Ratio (MER).- Constellation Analysis of DVB-T2 Signals.- Measuring the Shoulder Distance.- Measuring the Channel Impulse Response.- Measuring the Amplitude Response and Group Delay.- Measuring the Crest Factor (PAPR).- Pre- and Post-Signaling Data.- Practical Experiences and Measurement Results.- Single and Multiple PLP.- Code Rates and Modulation Methods of DVB-T2.- Comparison of Non-rotated and Rotated Constellations.- Time Interleaver Parameters and Data Symbols per Fr..- DVB-T2 Based Single Frequency Networks.- SISO/MSO in DVB-T2.- Suitability of DVB-T2 for Mobile Use.- Summary.- VHF FM Radio.- Channel Spacing and Modulation Method.- Spectrum of an FM-Modulated Signal.- Stereo Multiplex Signal.- Radio Data System (RDS).- Minimum Field Strength and Adjacent-Channel Protection.- Interferences Along the VHF FM Transmission Path.- Minimum Receiver Input Level.- Comparison with DAB/DAB+.- Measurements on VHF FM Stereo Signals.- Measuring the RF Level.- Level Adjustment.- Measuring the FM Deviation and the Multiplex Power.- Measuring the Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR).- Frequency Response of the Left and Right Audio Channels.- Measuring the Stereo Crosstalk.- Measuring the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).- Stereo Balance.- Dual-Tone Factor.- MPX Baseband Frequency Response.- Asynchronous and Synchronous AM.- Measuring Out-of-Band Components.- Other Transmission Standards.- MediaFLO.- IBOC - HD Radio.- FMextra.- CMMB - Chinese Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting.- Digital Dividend.- Anatomy of the Mobile Radio Signals.- Terrestrial TV Networks and Mobile Radio.- Broadband Cable TV Networks and Mobile Radio.- Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on DVB-C.- Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Analog TV Reception.- Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Other Digital.- Broadband Services.- Electromagnetic Field Immunity Standard for Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers.- Summary.- DTV - Three-Dimensional Television.- Anatomical Basics of 3D.- The 3D Principle.- Presentation of 3D Material.- 3DTV Transmission.- Current 3D Technology Status and Outlook.- Broadcast over Internet, HbbTV, OTT, Streaming.- Introduction.- Internet Applications in TV and Sound Broadcast.- HbbTV - Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV.- OTT - Over the Top TV.- Summary and Outlook.- Studio, Playout, Headend and Distribution Network.- Playout.- Headend.- Distribution Network.- Summary.- Terrestrial Broadcasting Transmitters and Transmitter Stations.- Modulation Signal Feed.- Terrestrial Broadcast-Transmit Station.- Modulator, Exciter.- GPS Time/Frequency Reference.- Transmitter Power Amplifiers.- Transistor Technology.- Power Amplifier Classes.- Power Combiners and Power Dividers.- Transmission Lines.- Cooling Technology.- Amplifier Technologies for Improving Efficiency.- Transmitter Output Filter.- Harmonics Filter.- Mask Filters.- Antenna Combiner.- Antenna Feed and Transmit Antenna.- ATSC3.0.- ATSC3.0 goals and system design.- ATSC3.0 input formats.- ATSC3.0 forward error correction (FEC).- Modulation scheme.- Layer Division Multiplexing.- Time Interleaving.- OFDM implementation in ATSC3.0.- PAPR, SISO, MISO.- Single-Frequency Networks.- TDM, FDM and LDM.- Summary.- LTE/5G-Based Broadcast.- Mobile Broadcast Standards.- Mobile Communication Standards.- MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services.- Summary.- Outlook.- Bibliography.- Definition of Terms.- Channel Tables.- Europe, Terrestrial and Cable.- Australia, Terrestrial.- North America, Terrestrial.- North America, Cable.- DAB Channel Tables.- Europe, Satellite.- Index