Philosophical Questions

1. INTRODUCING THE BOOK ; A. PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS AND WONDER ; B. FEATURES OF THIS BOOK ; C. A LITTLE LOGIC ; 2. THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION ; A. CHALLENGES TO RELIGIOUS BELIEF ; 1. The Irrationality of Believing in Miracles ; 2. Religion as the Opium of the Masses ; 3. The Death of God ; B. THE PROBLEM OF EVIL ; 1. God and Human Suffering ; 2. The Logical Problem of Evil ; 3. The Logical Problem of Evil Challenged ; 4. A Soul-Making Theodicy ; C. MYSTICISM AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE ; 1. Hindu Mysticism ; 2. The Limited Authority of Mystical Experiences ; 3. The Untrustworthiness of Mystical Experiences ; 4. The Trustworthiness of Religious Experiences ; D. THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTNECE ; 1. Anselm's Proofs ; 2. Against the Ontological Argument ; E. THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE ; 1. Aquinas's Proofs ; 2. Clarke's Proof and Hume's Criticisms ; F. THE DESIGN ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE ; 1. Against the Design Argument ; 2. The Design Argument Revisited ; 3. Evolution and the Design Argument ; 4. The Fine-Tuning Argument ; G. FAITH AND RATIONALITY ; 1. Waging on Belief in God ; 2. The Will to Believe ; 3. Can We Know God Without Arguments? ; 3. HUMAN NATURE AND THE SELF ; A. DETERMINISM VERSUS FREE WILL ; 1. The Case for Determinism ; 2. Compatibilism ; 3. In Defense of Free Will ; 4. Determinism, Indeterminism, and Agency ; 5. Determinism and Second-Order Desires ; B. IDENTITY AND SURVIVAL ; 1. No-Self and Transmigration of the Soul ; 2. The Self as a Bundle of Perceptions ; 3. Identity and Survival ; C. THE SELF AS ACTIVE BEING ; 1. The Self as Spirit ; 2. The Self as Worker ; 3. The Self as the Will to Power ; 4. The Self as Being Toward Death ; D. THE SELF CONNECTED WITH A LARGER REALITY ; 1. The Self-God, Hindu Upanishads ; 2. The Way of Nature ; 3. The Ecological Self ; 4. Human Beings as Evolved Animals ; 4. SOULS, MINDS, BODIES, AND MACHINES ; A. ANCIENT WESTERN VIEWS ON BODY, SOUL, AND MIND ; 1. Materialism, Atoms, and Sensation: Democritus and Lucretius ; 2. Body and Soul: Plato ; 3. Soul as Form of the Body: Aristotle ; B. CLASSIC HINDU VIEWS ON SOUL, SELF, AND GOD ; 1. The Outer Empirical Self and the Inner Self-God ; 2. Strict Monism ; 3. Qualified Monism ; C. MODERN VIEWS ON MIND AND BODY ; 1. Mental and Physical Substance ; 2. The Mixture of Body and Soul ; 3. Idealist Monism and Parallelism ; D. TWENTIETH-CENTURY VIEWS ON MIND AND BODY ; 1. Logical Behaviorism ; 2. Mind-Brain Identity and Eliminative Materialism ; 3. Functionalism ; E. INTENTIONALITY ; 1. Intentionality as the Mark of the Mental ; 2. Kinds of Intentional Psychology ; F. MINDS AND MACHINES ; 1. Humans as Machines ; 2. Reminders About Machines and Thinking ; 3. Minds, Brains, and the Chinese Room Argument ; 4. A Reply to Searle ; 5. Natural Languages, AI, and Existential Holism ; 5. EPISTEMOLOGY ; A. SKEPTICISM AND CERTAINTY ; 1. The Relativity of All Things ; 2. The Goals and Methods of Skepticism ; 3. Dreams, Illusions, and the Evil Genius ; 4. Skepticism About the External World ; 5. The Problem of Induction ; B. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE: RATIONALISM AND EMPIRICISM ; 1. Knowledge Does Not Come from the Senses ; 2. All Knowledge Derives from the Senses ; 3. The Nature of Perception ; C. A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE ; 1. The Fork ; 2. Analytic and Synthetic Judgments ; 3. One Dogma of Empiricism ; D. FOUNDATIONALISM AND COHERENCE ; 1. Foundationalism ; 2. Knowledge and Coherence ; 3. The Raft Versus the Pyramid ; E. PROBLEMS WITH JUSTIFIED BELIEF ; 1. True Belief Is Not Sufficient for Knowledge ; 2. Justification, Internalism, and Warrant ; 3. Naturalist Externalism Versus Internalism ; 4. Justified Belief and Intellectual Virtues ; F. THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE ; 1. Social Factors in the Development of Knowledge and Science ; 2. Epistemology and the Sex of the Knower ; 3. Confusions in Constructivist Views ; 6. ETHICS ; A. ARE MORAL VALUES OBJECTIVE? ; 1. Morality Grounded in Unchanging Spiritual Forms ; 2. Moral Relativism ; 3. The Case Against Moral Relativism ; B. CAN HUMAN CONDUCT BE SELFLESS? ; 1. Whether Human Nature Is Inherently Good or Evil ; 2. The Selfish Origins of Pity and Charity ; 3. Love of Others Not Opposed to Self-Love ; 4. Altruism and Sociobiology ; C. REASON AND MORAL JUDGMENTS ; 1. Can We Derive Ought from Is ; 2. Expressing Feelings ; 3. Morality and the Best Reasons ; D. GENDER AND MORALITY ; 1. Rational Morality for Men and Women ; 2. Uniquely Female Morality ; E. VIRTUES ; 1. Virtue and Happiness ; 2. Traditions and Virtues ; F. DUTIES ; 1. Duties to God, Self, and Others ; 2. The Categorical Imperative ; 3. Prima Facie Duties ; 4. Duties Toward Animals ; G. PLEASURE AND CONSEQUENCES ; 1. Hedonistic Ethical Egoism ; 2. Utilitarian Calculus ; 3. Utilitarianism and Higher Pleasures ; 7. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ; A. ANARCHISM ; 1. Governments Contrary to the Way of Nature ; 2. An Argument for Anarchy ; 3. The Conflict Between Authority and Autonomy ; B. SOURCES OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY ; 1. Natural Law ; 2. The Social Contract ; 3. Natural Rights ; C. LIBERALISM AND COMMUNITARIANISM ; 1. Justice in the Original Position ; 2. Libertarianism ; 3. Communitarianism ; D. VIRTUOUS LEADERSHIP ; 1. Virtuous Leadership at the Root of Good Government ; 2. The Philosopher King ; 3. Political Survival ; E. LIMITS OF POLITICAL COERCION ; 1. The Limited Purpose of Punishment ; 2. Preserving Individual Liberty ; 3. Offense to Others ; F. CIVIL OBEDIENCE, DISOBEDIENCE, AND REVOLUTION ; 1. Obedience to the State ; 2. Civil Disobedience ; 3. A Defense of Revolution ; Glossary ; Works Cited ; Illustration Acknowledgments ; Index