ISE PSYCHOLOGY: PERSPECTIVES AND CONNECTIONS
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Persons
Dr. Erika Rosenberg served on the faculties at the University of Delaware and the College of William and Mary and currently is a researcher at the Center for Mind and Brain at the University of California at Davis. Dr. Rosenberg is an emotions researcher, health psychologist, and teacher of meditation. Her research on emotion has examined how feelings are revealed in facial expressions, how social factors influence emotional signals, and how anger affects cardiovascular health.. Her current research interests include collaborative studies that integrate Western psychology with Buddhist practices for improving emotional and cognitive functioning.
Gregory Feist is Associate Professor of Psychology in Adult Development at San Jose State University. Dr. Feist is widely published in the psychology of creativity, the psychology of science, and the development of scientific talent. One of his major goals is establishing the psychology of science as a healthy and independent study of science, along the lines of the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. His teaching efforts have been recognized by outstanding teaching awards at both UC Berkeley and UC Davis.
Dr. Erika Rosenberg served on the faculties at the University of Delaware and the College of William and Mary and currently is a researcher at the Center for Mind and Brain at the University of California at Davis. Dr. Rosenberg is an emotions researcher, health psychologist, and teacher of meditation. Her research on emotion has examined how feelings are revealed in facial expressions, how social factors influence emotional signals, and how anger affects cardiovascular health.. Her current research interests include collaborative studies that integrate Western psychology with Buddhist practices for improving emotional and cognitive functioning.
Content
<strong>Contents</strong>
Foreword by Paul Ekman xxi
Preface xxii
<strong>1 Introduction to Psychology</strong> 2
<strong>What Is Psychology? 5</strong>
Psychology Defined 5
Why Should You Study Psychology? 6
Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Important to My Life 7
<strong>Subdisciplines of Psychology 8</strong>
<strong>The Origins of Psychology 11</strong>
A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology 11
A Brief History of Scientific Psychology 14
<strong>Psychological Perspectives: Explaining Human Behavior 20</strong>
Psychoanalytic-Psychodynamic 00
Behaviorism-Learning 00
Humanistic-Positive 00
Cognitive 00
Sociocultural/Cross-Cultural 00
Neuropsychological-Behavioral Genetic 00
Evolutionary 00
The Nature-Nurture Debate 20
The Evolution of Human Behavior 22
<strong>No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology 26</strong>
Challenging Assumptions and Not Believing Everything You
Think-The Art of Critical Thinking 26
Connections within and between Chapters 27
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Psychology 28
<strong>Chapter Review 30</strong>
<strong>2 Conducting Research in Psychology</strong> 32
<strong>The Nature of Science 35</strong>
Common Sense and Logic 35
The Limits of Observation 35
What Is Science? 36
The Scientific Method 38
Research Process 39
What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience 40
<strong>Research Designs in Psychology 41</strong>
Principles of Research Design 41
Descriptive Studies 42
Correlational Studies 47
Experimental Studies 49
Longitudinal Studies xx
Twin-Adoption Studies xx
Meta-Analysis xx
Big Data xx
<strong>Challenging Assumptions in the Objectivity of Experimental Research 53</strong>
<strong>Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research 54</strong>
Self-Report Measures 54
Behavioral Measures 56
Physiological Measures 57
<strong>Making Sense of Data with Statistics 57</strong>
Descriptive Statistics 58
Inferential Statistics 59
Psychology in the Real World: Challenge the Assumptions of Advertisers' Statistics 60
<strong>Research Ethics 62</strong>
Scientific Misconduct xx
Ethical Treatment of Human Participants 62
Ethical Treatment of Animals 64
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Psychological Research 66
<strong>Chapter Review 67</strong>
<strong>3 The Biology of Behavior</strong> 70
<strong>Genes and Behavior 73</strong>
Principles of Behavioral Genetics xx
The Connection between Genes and Behavior is Complex 74
The Relative Effects of Genes and Environment Can Be Teased Apart xx
The Environment Can Change Gene Expression: Epigenetics xx
<strong>The Nervous System 78</strong>
Organization of the Nervous System 78
The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons 79
Common Neurotransmitters 85
Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission 89
<strong>The Brain 90</strong>
Evolution of the Human Brain 90
Overview of Brain Regions 92
Psychology in the Real World: Neuroprosthetics: Thought Control of Artificial Limbs 99
Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis 100
<strong>Challenging Assumptions about Neural Growth in the Adult Brain 104</strong>
Early Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adults 104
Key Figures in the Discovery of Neural Growth in Adults 104
<strong>Measuring the Brain 106</strong>
Electroencephalography 106
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI) 106
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 107
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) xxx
Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) xxx
Research Process 108
<strong>The Endocrine System 109</strong>
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in the Biology
of Behavior 111
<strong>Chapter Review 113</strong>
<strong>4 Sensing and Perceiving Our World</strong> 116
<strong>The Long, Strange Trip from Sensation to Perception 119</strong>
Basic Sensory Processes 119
Principles of Perception 119
<strong>Vision 123</strong>
Sensing Visual Stimuli 123
Perceiving Visual Stimuli 130
<strong>Hearing 140</strong>
The Physics of Sound and the Psychophysics of Hearing 140
The Ear 142
Psychology in the Real World: Hearing Loss Can Happen in Young People Too 143
Hearing in the Brain 143
<strong>The Bodily Senses 144</strong>
Touch 145
Pain 145
<strong>The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 148</strong>
Smell (Olfaction) 148
Taste 149
<strong>Synesthesia 151</strong>
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Sensation and Perception 152
Research Process 154
<strong>Chapter Review 156</strong>
<strong>5 Human Development</strong> 158
<strong>The Developing Fetus 161</strong>
Stages of Prenatal Development 161
Brain and Sensory Development before Birth 162
Nature and Nurture Influences on Fetal Development 165
Prenatal Personality Development 166
<strong>The Developing Infant and Child 167</strong>
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood 167
Early Cognitive Development 171
Psychology in the Real World: Musical Training Changes the Brain 172
Development of Moral Reasoning 178
Early Socioemotional Development 181
Research Process 179
<strong>The Developing Adolescent 187</strong>
Physical Development in Adolescence 188
Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence 188
Social Development in Adolescence 191
Personality Development in Adolescence xxx
<strong>The Developing Adult 193</strong>
Early Adulthood 193
Middle Adulthood 197
Late Adulthood 198
Death and Dying 201
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Human Development 202
<strong>6 Consciousness</strong> 208
<strong>What Is Consciousness? 210</strong>
Theories of Consciousness xxx
<strong>Two Dimensions of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Awareness 211</strong>
Minimal Consciousness xxx
Moderate Consciousness 213
Full Consciousness 213
<strong>Attention: Focusing Consciousness 214</strong>
Selective Attention 214
Psychology in the Real World: The Hazards of Distracted Driving 218
Sustained Attention 216
Multitasking: The Implications of Shifting Attention 217
<strong>Training Consciousness: Meditation 220</strong>
Meditation and Conscious Experience 221
Meditation Training and the Brain 221
<strong>Sleeping and Dreaming 222</strong>
Sleeping 222
Research Process 223
Dreaming 231
<strong>Hypnosis 233</strong>
<strong>Altering Consciousness with Drugs 236</strong>
Depressants 236
Stimulants 240
Hallucinogens 242
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Consciousness 245
<strong>Chapter Review 246</strong>
<strong>7 Memory</strong> 248
<strong>Forming Memories 251</strong>
Four Steps in Forming Memories xxx
Aids to Memory Formation xxx
Impediments to Memory Formation xxx
<strong>Types of Memory xxx</strong>
Three Major Types of Memory xxx
<strong>Memory and the Brain xxx</strong>
Neuroplasticity and Memory xxx
Psychology in the Real World: Manipulating Memory with Drugs and Drinks 266
Brain Regions Most Involved in Memory xxx
Challenging Assumptions in Brain Stimulation and Memory 268
Research Process 270
<strong>Malleability of Memory xxx</strong>
Reconsolidation xxx
Selective and Divided Attention xxx
Eyewitness Testimony xxx
False Memories xxx
Recovered Memories xxx
Suggestibility and Misinformation xxx
<strong>Forgetting and Memory Loss xxx</strong>
Forms of Forgetting 276
Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease 279
<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Memory 280
<strong>Chapter Review 282</strong>
<strong>8 Learning</strong> 284
<strong>Basic Processe
s of Learning 287</strong>
Association 287
<strong>Conditioning Models of Learning 287</strong>
Classical Conditioning 288
Operant Conditioning 292
Challenging Assumptions about Conditioning Models of Learning 301
Psychology in the Real World: Behavior Modification for the Treatment of Attentional Disorders 314
<strong>Social Learning Theory 306</strong>
<strong>How Nature and Nurture Work Together in Learning 310</strong>
Imprinting 311
Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning 312
Research Process 313
Synaptic Change during Learning 314