ISE PSYCHOLOGY: PERSPECTIVES AND CONNECTIONS

<strong>Contents</strong>

Foreword by Paul Ekman xxi

Preface xxii

<strong>1 Introduction to Psychology</strong> 2

<strong>What Is Psychology? 5</strong>

Psychology Defined 5

Why Should You Study Psychology? 6

Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Important to My Life 7

<strong>Subdisciplines of Psychology 8</strong>

<strong>The Origins of Psychology 11</strong>

A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology 11

A Brief History of Scientific Psychology 14

<strong>Psychological Perspectives: Explaining Human Behavior 20</strong>

Psychoanalytic-Psychodynamic 00

Behaviorism-Learning 00

Humanistic-Positive 00

Cognitive 00

Sociocultural/Cross-Cultural 00

Neuropsychological-Behavioral Genetic 00

Evolutionary 00

The Nature-Nurture Debate 20

The Evolution of Human Behavior 22

<strong>No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology 26</strong>

Challenging Assumptions and Not Believing Everything You

Think-The Art of Critical Thinking 26

Connections within and between Chapters 27

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Psychology 28

<strong>Chapter Review 30</strong>

<strong>2 Conducting Research in Psychology</strong> 32

<strong>The Nature of Science 35</strong>

Common Sense and Logic 35

The Limits of Observation 35

What Is Science? 36

The Scientific Method 38

Research Process 39

What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience 40

<strong>Research Designs in Psychology 41</strong>

Principles of Research Design 41

Descriptive Studies 42

Correlational Studies 47

Experimental Studies 49

Longitudinal Studies xx

Twin-Adoption Studies xx

Meta-Analysis xx

Big Data xx

<strong>Challenging Assumptions in the Objectivity of Experimental Research 53</strong>

<strong>Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research 54</strong>

Self-Report Measures 54

Behavioral Measures 56

Physiological Measures 57

<strong>Making Sense of Data with Statistics 57</strong>

Descriptive Statistics 58

Inferential Statistics 59

Psychology in the Real World: Challenge the Assumptions of Advertisers' Statistics 60

<strong>Research Ethics 62</strong>

Scientific Misconduct xx

Ethical Treatment of Human Participants 62

Ethical Treatment of Animals 64

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Psychological Research 66

<strong>Chapter Review 67</strong>

<strong>3 The Biology of Behavior</strong> 70

<strong>Genes and Behavior 73</strong>

Principles of Behavioral Genetics xx

The Connection between Genes and Behavior is Complex 74

The Relative Effects of Genes and Environment Can Be Teased Apart xx

The Environment Can Change Gene Expression: Epigenetics xx

<strong>The Nervous System 78</strong>

Organization of the Nervous System 78

The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons 79

Common Neurotransmitters 85

Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission 89

<strong>The Brain 90</strong>

Evolution of the Human Brain 90

Overview of Brain Regions 92

Psychology in the Real World: Neuroprosthetics: Thought Control of Artificial Limbs 99

Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis 100

<strong>Challenging Assumptions about Neural Growth in the Adult Brain 104</strong>

Early Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adults 104

Key Figures in the Discovery of Neural Growth in Adults 104

<strong>Measuring the Brain 106</strong>

Electroencephalography 106

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI) 106

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 107

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) xxx

Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) xxx

Research Process 108

<strong>The Endocrine System 109</strong>

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in the Biology

of Behavior 111

<strong>Chapter Review 113</strong>

<strong>4 Sensing and Perceiving Our World</strong> 116

<strong>The Long, Strange Trip from Sensation to Perception 119</strong>

Basic Sensory Processes 119

Principles of Perception 119

<strong>Vision 123</strong>

Sensing Visual Stimuli 123

Perceiving Visual Stimuli 130

<strong>Hearing 140</strong>

The Physics of Sound and the Psychophysics of Hearing 140

The Ear 142

Psychology in the Real World: Hearing Loss Can Happen in Young People Too 143

Hearing in the Brain 143

<strong>The Bodily Senses 144</strong>

Touch 145

Pain 145

<strong>The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 148</strong>

Smell (Olfaction) 148

Taste 149

<strong>Synesthesia 151</strong>

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Sensation and Perception 152

Research Process 154

<strong>Chapter Review 156</strong>

<strong>5 Human Development</strong> 158

<strong>The Developing Fetus 161</strong>

Stages of Prenatal Development 161

Brain and Sensory Development before Birth 162

Nature and Nurture Influences on Fetal Development 165

Prenatal Personality Development 166

<strong>The Developing Infant and Child 167</strong>

Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood 167

Early Cognitive Development 171

Psychology in the Real World: Musical Training Changes the Brain 172

Development of Moral Reasoning 178

Early Socioemotional Development 181

Research Process 179

<strong>The Developing Adolescent 187</strong>

Physical Development in Adolescence 188

Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence 188

Social Development in Adolescence 191

Personality Development in Adolescence xxx

<strong>The Developing Adult 193</strong>

Early Adulthood 193

Middle Adulthood 197

Late Adulthood 198

Death and Dying 201

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Human Development 202

<strong>6 Consciousness</strong> 208

<strong>What Is Consciousness? 210</strong>

Theories of Consciousness xxx

<strong>Two Dimensions of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Awareness 211</strong>

Minimal Consciousness xxx

Moderate Consciousness 213

Full Consciousness 213

<strong>Attention: Focusing Consciousness 214</strong>

Selective Attention 214

Psychology in the Real World: The Hazards of Distracted Driving 218

Sustained Attention 216

Multitasking: The Implications of Shifting Attention 217

<strong>Training Consciousness: Meditation 220</strong>

Meditation and Conscious Experience 221

Meditation Training and the Brain 221

<strong>Sleeping and Dreaming 222</strong>

Sleeping 222

Research Process 223

Dreaming 231

<strong>Hypnosis 233</strong>

<strong>Altering Consciousness with Drugs 236</strong>

Depressants 236

Stimulants 240

Hallucinogens 242

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Consciousness 245

<strong>Chapter Review 246</strong>

<strong>7 Memory</strong> 248

<strong>Forming Memories 251</strong>

Four Steps in Forming Memories xxx

Aids to Memory Formation xxx

Impediments to Memory Formation xxx

<strong>Types of Memory xxx</strong>

Three Major Types of Memory xxx

<strong>Memory and the Brain xxx</strong>

Neuroplasticity and Memory xxx

Psychology in the Real World: Manipulating Memory with Drugs and Drinks 266

Brain Regions Most Involved in Memory xxx

Challenging Assumptions in Brain Stimulation and Memory 268

Research Process 270

<strong>Malleability of Memory xxx</strong>

Reconsolidation xxx

Selective and Divided Attention xxx

Eyewitness Testimony xxx

False Memories xxx

Recovered Memories xxx

Suggestibility and Misinformation xxx

<strong>Forgetting and Memory Loss xxx</strong>

Forms of Forgetting 276

Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease 279

<strong>Bringing It All Together:</strong> Making Connections in Memory 280

<strong>Chapter Review 282</strong>

<strong>8 Learning</strong> 284

<strong>Basic Processe
s of Learning 287</strong>

Association 287

<strong>Conditioning Models of Learning 287</strong>

Classical Conditioning 288

Operant Conditioning 292

Challenging Assumptions about Conditioning Models of Learning 301

Psychology in the Real World: Behavior Modification for the Treatment of Attentional Disorders 314

<strong>Social Learning Theory 306</strong>

<strong>How Nature and Nurture Work Together in Learning 310</strong>

Imprinting 311

Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning 312

Research Process 313

Synaptic Change during Learning 314