The Teaching Files: Brain and Spine

Part 1 Brain Section 1 Disorders of Brain Development Subsection 1.1 Disorders of Neural Tube Closure and Diverticulation 1 Anencephaly 2 Cephalocele 3 Atretic Cephalocele 4 Holoprosencephaly Subsection 1.2 Disorders of Corpus Callosum and Septum Pellucidum 5 Agenesis of Corpus Callosum 6 Septo-optic Dysplasia 7 Cavum Septi Pellucidi and Cavum Vergae Subsection 1.3 Disorders of Neuronal Migration 8 Lissencephaly 9 Polymicrogyria 10 Gray Matter Heterotopia 11 Schizencephaly Subsection 1.4 Chiari Malformation 12 Chiari I Malformation 13 Chiari II Malformation Subsection 1.5 Disorders of the Posterior Fossa 14 Rhombencephalosynapsis 15 Joubert Malformation 16 Dandy-Walker Malformation 17 Mega Cisterna Magna Subsection 1.6 Disorders of the Pituitary Gland 18 Pituitary Aplasia 19 Pituitary Duplication 20 Posterior Pituitary Ectopia Subsection 1.7 Miscellaneous Disorders 21 Persistent Open Anterior Fontanelle 22 Porencephaly 23 Hydranencephaly 24 Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Section 2 Disorders of the Perinatal Period 25 Cephalhematoma 26 Caput Succedaneum and Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage 27 Periventricular Leukomalacia 28 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy 29 Kernicterus 30 TORCH infections Section 3 Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Childhood Subsection 3.1 Gray Matter Disorders 31 Hallervorden-Spatz Disease 32 Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Subsection 3.2 White Matter Disorders 33 Alexander's Disease 34 Canavan Disease 35 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease Subsection 3.3 Inborn Errors of Intermediary Metabolism 36 Propionic Acidemia 37 Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 Subsection 3.4 Lysosomal Diseases 38 Fabry Disease 39 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy 40 Krabbe Disease 41 Mucopolysaccharidoses Subsection 3.5 Mitochondrial Diseases & Peroxisomal Diseases 42 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome 43 MELAS 44 Leigh Syndrome 45 Classic X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Section 4 Phakomatoses/Neurocutaneous syndromes 46 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 47 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 48 Tuberous Sclerosis 49 Sturge-Weber Syndrome 50 Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome 51 Ataxia Telangiectasia 52 Neurocutaneous Melanosis Section 5 Seizures 53 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis 54 Hemimegalencephaly 55 Focal Cortical Dysplasia of Taylor 56 Epileptogenic Focus 57 Status Epilepticus Section 6 Intracranial Trauma 58 Non-accidental Trauma 59 Depressed Skull Fracture 60 Growing Skull Fracture 61 Pneumolabyrinth Secondary to Trauma 62 Epidural Hematoma 63 Subdural Hematoma 64 Contusion 65 Coup-contre-coup Injuries 66 Diffuse Axonal Injury Section 7 Intracranial Vascular Malformations: Congenital and Acquired Subsection 7.1 Arterial malformations 67 Carotid Agenesis 68 Persistent Trigeminal Artery 69 Familial Intracranial Aneurysm 70 Saccular Aneurysm 71 Mycotic Aneurysm 72 Dolichoectasia of Basilar Artery 73 Moya Moya Disease 74 Carotid Artery Dissection 75 Carotid Artery Stenosis 76 Fibromuscular Dysplasia 77 Subclavian Steal Phenomenon 78 Arteriovenous Malformation 79 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Subsection 7.2 Venous and other vascular malformations 80 Developmental Venous Anomaly 81 Cavernous Angioma 82 Cavernous Hemangioma of Septum Pellucidum 83 Familial Cavernous Angiomas 84 Capillary Telangiectasias 85 Arachnoid Granulations in Venous Sinuses 86 Venous Sinus Thrombosis 87 Cortical Vein Thrombosis 88 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis 89 Vein of Galen Malformation Section 8 Stroke 90 Acute Arterial Infarction 91 Chronic Arterial Infarction 92 Lacunar Infarction 93 Watershed Infarction 94 Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome 95 Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) 96 Vasculitis 97 Bechet's Syndrome 98 Global Anoxic Injury 99 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome 100 Venous Infarction 101 Brain Death Section 9 Intracranial Hemorrhage Subsection 9.1 Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage 102 Intraparenchymal Hematoma, Benign vs Malignant 103 Hemorrhagic Conversion of Infarction 104 Hypertensive Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage 105 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 106 Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage Subsection 9.2 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 107 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 108 Non-aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 109 Superficial Siderosis Section 10 Hydrocephalus and Pneumocephalus 110 Medial diverticulum of Lateral Ventricle 111 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 112 Non-communicating Hydrocephalus 113 Shunt-related Complications 114 Tension Pneumocephalus Section 11 Demyelinating Diseases 115 Multiple Sclerosis 116 Neuromyelitis Optica 117 Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesion 118 Susac's Syndrome 119 Marchiafava-Bignami Disease 120 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 121 Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis Section 12 Skull Lesions (Non-neoplastic) 122 Craniosynostosis 123 Bilateral Parietal Thinning Section 13 Intracranial Tumors Subsection 13.1 Tumors (and Tumor-Like Lesions) of the Scalp, Skull and Cranial nerves 124 Scalp Metastasis 125 Fibrous Dysplasia 126 Paget's Disease 127 Osteoma 128 Calvarial Hemangioma 129 Intradiploic Epidermoid 130 Ecchordosis Physaliphora 131 Clival Chordoma 132 Chondrosarcoma 133 Neuroblastoma Metastasis 134 Intraosseous Meningioma 135 Calvarial Metastasis 136 Schwannoma 137 Facial Nerve Hemangioma 138 Perineural Spread of Tumor Subsection 13.2 Tumors (and Tumor-like Lesions) of the meninges 139 Intracranial Meningioma 140 Intracranial Lipoma 141 Hemangiopericytoma 142 Meningeal (Dura and Leptomeningeal) Metastasis 143 Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Subsection 13.3 Lymphoma and Germ Cell Tumors 144 Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma 145 AIDS-Related Lymphoma 146 Secondary Central Nervous System Lymphoma 147 Intravascular Lymphoma 148 Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder 149 Granulocytic Sarcoma 150 Germinoma 151 Teratoma Subsection 13.4 Tumors (and Tumor-like Lesions) of the Sella and Suprasellar compartment 152 Pituitary Microadenoma 153 Diabetes Insipidus 154 Pituitary Macroadenoma 155 Pituitary Apoplexy 156 Pituitary Carcinoma 157 Rathke Cleft Cyst 158 Sella Miscellaneous: Sheehan's syndrome 159 Craniopharyngioma 160 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Pituitary Stalk 161 Lymphocytic Hypophysitis 162 Hypothalamic Hamartoma 163 Optic Chiasmatic-Hypothalamic Glioma Subsection 13.5 Tumors (and Tumor-like Lesions) of the Pineal Gland 164 Pineal Cyst 165 Pineocytoma 166 Pineoblastoma 167 Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region 168 Hemochromatosis Subsection 13.6 Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue Sub-subsection 13.6.1 Astrocytic Tumors 169 Pilocytic Astrocytoma 170 Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma 171 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma 172 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma 173 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma 174 Diffuse Astrocytoma 175 Anaplastic Astrocytoma 176 Brainstem Glioma 177 Glioblastoma 178 Butterfly Glioma 179 Multifocal Glioma 180 Gliosarcoma 181 Gliomatosis Cerebri Sub-subsection 13.6.2 Oligodendroglial and Oligoastrocytic Tumors 182 Oligodendroglioma 183 Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma 184 Oligoastrocytoma Sub-subsection 13.6.3 Ependymal Tumors 185 Subependymoma 186 Infratentorial Ependymoma 187 Cerebral Ependymoma 188 Anaplastic Ependymoma Sub-subsection 13.6.4 Choroid Plexus Tumors and Other neuroepithelial Tumors 189 Xanthogranuloma of Choroid Plexus 190 Choroid Plexus Papilloma 191 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma 192 Chordoid Glioma Sub-subsection 13.6.5 Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial Tumors 193 Lhermitte-Duclos Disease 194 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma 195 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor 196 Ganglioglioma 197 Central Neurocytoma Sub-subsection 13.6.6 Embryonal Tumors 198 Medulloblastoma 199 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor 200 Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Sub-subsection 13.6.7 Treatment-Related Changes of Tumors 201 Radiation Necrosis 202 Pseudoprogression Subsection 13.7 Cysts and Tumor-like conditions 203 Intracranial Epidermoid Cyst 204 Intracranial Dermoid Cyst 205 Colloid Cyst 206 Choroid Plexus Cyst 207 Choroid Fissure Cyst 208 Arachnoid Cyst 209 Neuroglial Cyst Section 14 Intracranial Infections Subsection 14.1 Prion diseases and Viral Infections 210 Prion Disease 211 Herpes Encephalitis 212 West Nile Encephalitis 213 Rasmussen's Encephalitis 214 Cerebellitis Subsection 14.2 HIV and HIV-related Infections 215 HIV Encephalitis 216 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 217 Cryptococcosis 218 Toxoplasmosis 219 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Subsection 14.3 Bacterial Infections 220 Lyme Disease 221 Subdural Empyema 222 Pyogenic Abscess 223 Pyocephalus 224 Listeria Encephalitis 225 Mycobacterial Infection 226 Neurosarcoidosis Subsection 14.4 Parasitic and Fungal Infections 227 Cerebral Malaria 228 Parenchymal Cysticercosis 229 Racemose Cysticercosis 230 Hydatid Disease 231 Aspergillus Abscess Section 15 Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxins Affecting the Central Nervous System 232 Wernicke's Encephalopathy 233 Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome 234 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 235 Metronidazole (Flagyl)-Induced Neurotoxicity 236 Hypoglycemia 237 Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy 238 Phenytoin Toxicity 239 Heroin Leukoencephalopathy Section 16 Aging, Dementia and Movement-Associated Disorders 240 Normal Aging 241 Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis 242 Wilson's Disease 243 Acquired Hepatocerebral Syndrome 244 Alzheimer's Disease 245 Fronto-Temporal Lobar Dementia 246 Huntington's Disease 247 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 248 Multiple System Atrophy-Parkinsonism 249 Multiple System Atrophy-Cerebellum 250 Vascular Dementia 251 Motor Neuron Disease (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) 252 Mild Cognitive Impairment 253 Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration Section 17 Miscellaneous: Brain 254 Fahr's Disease 255 Trigeminal Neuralgia 256 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension 257 Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome 258 Gradenigo's Syndrome 259 Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome 260 Meniere's Disease 261 Papilledema: Drusen 262 Acute Denervation Change Part 2 Spine and Spinal Cord Section 1 Disorders of Spine Development Subsection 1.1 Disorders of Primary Neurulation 263 Myelomeningocele 264 Lipomyelomeningocele 265 Lipoma, Intradural Spinal 266 Dorsal Dermal Sinus 267 Dermoid Cyst Subsection 1.2 Disorders of Secondary Neurulation (Deranged canalization and retrogressive differentiation) 268 Tight Filum Terminale with Spinal Lipoma (Tethered Cord) 269 Lipoma of Filum Terminale 270 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma 271 Terminal Ventricle 272 Terminal Myelocystocele 273 Caudal Regression Syndrome 274 Currarino Syndrome 275 Lateral Meningocele Subsection 1.3 Disorders (Embryogenic) of the Notochord and Vertebrae 276 Neurenteric Cyst 277 Diastematomyelia Section 2 Spine Trauma Subsection 2.1 Fractures and Dislocations 278 Atlanto-occipital Dislocation 279 Jefferson C1 Fracture 280 Hangman's Fracture 281 Dens Fracture 282 Unilateral Facet Dislocation 283 Bilateral Facet Dislocation 284 Flexion Teardrop Fracture 285 Hyperextension Teardrop Fracture 286 Clay Shoveler's Fracture 287 Chance Fracture 288 Burst Fracture 289 Sacral Insufficiency Fracture Subsection 2.2 Soft Tissue Injury: Ligaments, Cord and Vessels 290 Repetitive Stress Injury 291 Hyperextension Dislocation 292 Central Spinal Cord Syndrome 293 Brachial Plexus Traction Injury, or Avulsion Pseudomeningocele Section 3 Spinal Vascular Malformations: Congenital and Acquired 294 Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula 295 Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation 296 Cavernous Malformation 297 Epidural Hematoma 298 Subdural Hematoma 299 Spinal Cord Infarction 300 Cord Myelomalacia Section 4 Spinal Tumors Subsection 4.1 Extradural Tumors 301 Hemangioma 302 Osteoid Osteoma 303 Osteoblastoma 304 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst 305 Chondrosarcoma 306 Chordoma 307 Neuroblastoma 308 Ganglioneuroblastoma 309 Ewing's Sarcoma 310 Leukemia 311 Plasmacytoma 312 Multiple Myeloma 313 Metastases 314 Myelodysplastic Syndrome Subsection 4.2 Intradural Extramedullary Tumors 315 Meningioma 316 Plexiform Neurofibroma 317 Sarcomatous Degeneration of Neurofibroma 318 Dropped Metastases Subsection 4.3 Intramedullary Tumors 319 Spinal Cord Astrocytoma 320 Cellular Ependymoma of Spinal Cord 321 Myxopapillary Ependymoma of Spinal Cord 322 Spinal Cord Hemangioblastoma 323 Paraganglioma 324 Melanocytoma Subsection 4.4 Cysts and Tumor-like conditions 325 Arachnoid Cyst 326 Acquired Epidermoid Tumor 327 Syringohydromyelia 328 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 329 Kummel's Disease (Avascular Necrosis of the Vertebral Body) Section 5 Spinal Infections 330 Diskitis and Osteomyelitis 331 Grisel's Syndrome 332 Granulomatous (Tuberculous) Osteomyelitis 333 Septic Facet Arthropathy 334 Epidural Abscess 335 Psoas Abscess 336 Acute Transverse Myelitis 337 Herpes Zoster Myelitis 338 Guillain-Barre Syndrome 339 Arachnoiditis 340 Cysticercosis 341 Sarcoidosis Section 6 Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxins Affecting the Spinal Cord 342 Subacute Combined Degeneration 343 Radiation Myelopathy Section 7 Aging, Degenerative Changes, and Inflammatory Arthritides Involving the Spine 344 Osteoporosis 345 Steroid-induced Changes 346 Degenerative Disk Disease 347 Spontaneous Regression of Disk Herniation 348 Discogram and its Role in evaluation of Degenerative Disk Disease 349 Scar versus Recurrent Disk 350 Baastrup's Disease 351 Synovial Cyst 352 Rheumatoid Arthritis 353 Ankylosing Spondylitis Section 8 Post-Treatment Complications 354 Failed-Back Surgery Syndrome 355 Instrumentation-placement Complications 356 Instrumentation Failure 357 Pseudomeningocele 358 Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty Complications Section 9 Miscellaneous: Spine 359 Basilar Invagination 360 Prevertebral Tenditis 361 Idiopathic Cord Herniation 362 Dural Ectasia 363 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 364 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 365 Marfan Syndrome 366 Scoliosis 367 Conjoined Nerve Roots 368 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy 369 Limbus Vertebra 370 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis 371 Scheuermann Disease 372 Ochronosis 373 Achondroplasia 374 Mucopolysaccharidoses 375 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis 376 Charcot (Neuropathic) Arthropathy of the Spine 377 Epidural Lipomatosis 378 OPLL 379 Paget's Disease 380 Renal Osteodystrophy 381 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis